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Spectrographic Analysis
consonants
Presenter: Shu-Ping Chuang (M99C0102)
November 23, 2010
Outline
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Instruction of Formants
Consonant [b ]
voiced stop [b], [d], [g]
voiceless aspirated stops [p], [t], [k]
nasal consonants [m], [n], [ ]
lateral sounds [l]
voiceless fricatives [ ], [f], [s]
voiced fricatives [v], [z]
Acoustic correlates of consonantal features
Practice
wide-band spectrogram
narrow-band spectrogram
Voice-prints of the author
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F1 and F2: open/close and front/back
F1: higher frequency for an open vowel
(e.g. [a]) ;
a lower frequency for a close vowel
(e.g. [i] or [u])
F2: higher frequency for a front vowel (e.g. [i])
lower frequency for a back vowel (e.g. [u]).
Consonant
Stop sound: conveys its quality by its
effect on the adjacent vowel.
Ex: [b]
 Closure of the lips causes a lowering of all
the formants.
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bab
voiced stop
dad
gag
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Velar formant transitions take longer than
alveolar (e.g. [d]) or bilabial sounds (e.g. [b]).

bad
dad
gag
Velar
consonants
voiceless aspirated stops
pin
Tim
king
the lowest frequency and intensity: [p]
 The highest: [t]
 Formant transitions after voiceless aspirated stops is
not clear
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nasal consonants
pin
Tim
king
 Similar to vowels but fainter
 Small movement of Fs before alveolar nasal (i.e. [n])
 Clear downward of F2 & F3 before bilabial nasal (i.e. [m])
 Clear coming together of F2 & F3 before velar nasal (i.e. [])
 There should be an abrupt change at the time of the
formation of articulatory closure
Articulatory
closure
Articulatory
closure
Articulatory
closure
lateral sounds
lash
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An abrupt change in the formant structure is
characteristic of lateral sounds as well as nasals
abrupt
change
voiceless fricatives
lash
face
vase
The highest frequencies: [s]
 Slightly lower frequency: [  ]
 Both [s] and [  ] have large acoustic intensity than [f]
and []
 Middle and lower frequency: [f]
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lash
voiced fricatives
face
vase
Similar to voiceless fricatives, but have vertical striation
(indicates voice) → not evident
 [v] is fainter than [f] and has a few vertical striations
 [z] is less intense than [s]
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Practice
slightly
aspiration
for the velar
stop
downward for
the bilabial nasal
for the
velar stop
[
[k]
]
[i]
]
]
[e
]
[k]
[b]
[ ]
Increased distance
between striations:
creaky voice
[s]
[
[m]
[
British accent:
no [r]. Has
striation, [ ]
rather than [t]
upward
transition
burst of
aspiration
Low value: [ ]
instead of [ ]
[d] [g]
[
[t]
[n]
]
[
[
]
[
]
[
]
]
wide-band spectrogram
Accurate in the time dimension
 Each vibration of the vocal cords as a
separate vertical line
 The precise moment of a stop burst with
a vertical spike
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narrow-band spectrogram
Accurate in the frequency dimension
 The quality of a vowel sound depends on
the frequencies of the formants
 Most useful for determining the
intonation or tone
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Thank
you!