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第二個音發音是在第一個音還沒發完的時候 就開始，有時候又稱為 anticipatory coarticulation (預期協同發音) 通常不同發聲器官的動作只是一種移動到某 個目標的情形。那個目標只是一個預計做的 動作，而不一定要發出來，因為有可能還沒 發完又有下一個目標音出現 bib Tongue tip The back of the tongue did gig Is behind the Goes up for the lower front 1st /d/ and teeth remains close throughout the to the alveolar word. ridge during the vowel. Is raised for the 1st /g/ and remains near the soft palate during the vowel. When the cluster is: stop consonant + /w/ Ex: The stop are slightly rounded twice [twaNs] dwindle [dwNnL] quick [kwNk] When the cluster is: stop consonant + /r/ Ex: tree dream (rounded) The stop are slightly rounded tee deem (not rounded) lips jaw Soft Tongue palate position /b/ x x x o /d/ o x x x /g/ o Tongue tip & Blade gesture Front / back Larynx tongue height o o o /k/遇到圓唇音時自己也會變圓唇，但改變的 程度則要視左右的母音而有所不同 Ex: coo [ku] (round lip) clue [klu] (slightly less lip) sack Lou [sWklu] (even less round) tackle Lou [tWkLlu] (lip rounding for the [u] starts in the [k] ) 但有些音的改變是因為要表達的目標不同， 而不是因為協同發音所致 Ex: reed deer leaf feel ten button initial [r] final [r] initial [l] final [l] [tDn] Sometimes, the differences between allophones are the result of overlapping gestures, producing what have been called intrinsic allophones; sometimes, they involve different gestures, which may be called extrinsic allophones. 1) Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase. Ex: bib, did, don, nod 2) Voiceless stops (/p, t, k/) are aspirated when in initial. Ex: pip, test, kick 3) Obstruents(阻塞音) - Stops & fricatives - are classified as voiced (/b, d, g, v, , z, /) in only a small part of the articulation when they are at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound. Ex: improve [v] add two [d] 4) So-called voiced stops & affricates /b, d, g, d/ are voiceless when in initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound. Ex: this day stay 5) Voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are unaspirated after /s/ in words. Ex: spew, stew, skew 6) Voiceless obstruents /p, t, k, t, f, , s, / are longer than the corresponding voiced obstruents /b, d, g, d, v, , z, / when at the end of the Ex: cap cab syllable. back bag 7) The approximants /w, r, j, l/ are at least partially voiceless when they are after initial /p, t, k, /. Ex: play, twin, cue [ ] 8) The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop. Ex: apt [ p t] rubbed [rHb d] 9) Syllable final /p, t, k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal stop gesture. Ex: tip, pit, kick 10) /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it is before an alveolar nasal in the same word. Ex: beaten [bi N] 11) Nasals are syllabic at the end of a word when after an obstruent. Ex: leaden, chasm ['l dN, 'k zM] 12)The lateral /l/ is syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant. Ex: 1. stops or fricatives+/l/ paddle, whistle 2. nasal+/l/ kennel, channel 12a) The liquids /l, r/ are syllabic at the end of a word and after a consonant. Ex: saber, razor, hammer, tailor (13) EX: painter & splinter / winter &winner (14) most people /send paper (15) most people (16) concert (n) concerted(v) Big game / top post (17) [k] cap, kept, kit, key [g] gap, get, give, geese