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ENGLISH VOWELS 組員: 鄭李淑珠na1c0015 楊小萱 na1c0027 李嘉麟 retrofex vowel:通常伴隨 [r ] bread bard board poor tire hour 捲舌音在北美常常出現 mirror poorer purer fairer [r]→[B] BBC沒有捲舌音而以 [B] 取代 here[NB] there[DB] 在r 前面[D]會拉長: EX:fairy bearing poor [A K C] BBC English:[A] glass father American English: [W][ A] fat father UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES 非重讀音節 P96 UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES 非重讀音節 P96 1. The symbol[B] ：非重讀母音（schwa） 1.1 to specify a range of mid-central vowel qualities. - It occurs in grammatical function words. Ex. to, the ,at [tB, JB, Bt]. - It occurs at the end of the words. Ex. sofa, China, better, farmer 1.2. to designate many vowels that have a central, reduced vowel quality. UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES 非重讀音節 P96 2. All the English vowels can occur in unstressed syllables in their full, unreduced forms. But, vowels in unstressed syllables do not necessarily have a completely reduced quality. Ex. Table4.1. 3. The symbol [ I ] ： 3.1 a high-central vowel -The symbol [ -i- ] that is sometimes called ‘barred i’. Ex. recitation. UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES 非重讀音節 P96 4. A rule that assigns the stress and makes [W] into [B] in the second word. Ex. emphasis[DmfWsNs]. 5. Some vowels, such as[C,L,u,aL,CN] do not fit into this scheme of alternations in the same way as the other vowels. 6. A vowel in suffix - ed[Nd], （- e）s[Nz] hunted, houses. - ful[L] dreadful. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. TENSE AND LAX VOWELS 緊音與鬆弛音 TENSE AND LAX VOWELS 緊音與鬆弛音P98 1.The differences are due to developments of the history of the English language that are still represented in the spelling. （spelling-based distinction） 1.1 The tense vowels occur in the words with a final, so-called silent e in the spelling. e.g. mate, mete, kite, cute. 1.2 The lax vowels occur in the corresponding without a silent e. e.g. mat, met, kit, cut. TENSE AND LAX VOWELS 緊音與鬆弛音 2.The differences are due to different kinds of syllables in which they can occur. 2.1 The tense vowels occur in open syllables words -those without a consonant at the end. e.g. [i, eN,oL,u,aN,ju]. 2.2 The lax vowels occur in closed syllables words -those that have a consonant at the end. e.g. [N,D,W,L,H]. TENSE AND LAX VOWELS 緊音與鬆弛音P98 2.3 Pair practice ： The lax vowel is shorter, lower, and slightly more centralized than the corresponding tense vowel. e.g. ,beat/bit bait/bet boot/book 2.4 In American English two lax vowels [W] and[H] are shorter than the low tense vowel[A]. e.g., hat / hut/spa 2.5 In British English the tense vowel [A] is in both open and closed syllables. e.g. ,car, card. And also a lax vowel[ K] which occurs only in closed syllables. e.g. ,cod, common TENSE AND LAX VOWELS 緊音與鬆弛音P98 3.In a syllable closed by [ r], there is no contrast in quality between a tense vowel and the lax vowel nearest to it. e.g., beer ,fire. bore/boar coir[kCNr] horse[hCrs]/hoarse[hors] 4.In a syllable closed by [E], there is no possible contrast between tense and lax vowels （ generally occur）. e.g., sing, scene, sin. long[lAE] /[lCE] 5.In a syllable closed by [G], the majority of words have lax vowels e.g., wish, push. wash [wAG] /[wCG] RULES FOR ENGLISH VOWEL ALLOPHONES P100 1.Vowel length ： 1.1 Other things being equal, a given vowel is longest in open syllable, next longest in a syllable closed by a voiced consonant, and shortest in a syllable closed by a voiceless consonant. e.g., sea, seed, seat；sigh, side, site 1.2 Stressed syllables are longer than the corresponding unstressed syllables. e.g., below [bB`lo]/ billow[@bNlo] RULES FOR ENGLISH VOWEL ALLOPHONES P100 2.Stressed syllable ： Other things being equal, vowels are longer in stressed syllables. e.g., speed/speedy/ speedily. 3. Other things being equal, vowels are longest in monosyllabic syllables （單音節的）, next longest in words with two syllables, and shortest in words with more than two syllables. RULES FOR ENGLISH VOWEL ALLOPHONES P100 4. A reduced vowel may be voiceless when after a voiceless stop（and before a voiceless stop）. 5. Vowels are nasalized in syllables closed by a nasal consonant. e.g., man 5.1 The vowels occur in syllables closed by[l] which moved from a mid-front to a midcentral. e.g., heed/heel, paid/pail , hoe/hole. 6. Vowels are retracted before syllable final[-l-]. 母音發音部位表 Tongue Front High Middle Central Back Muscle beat [ i ] boot[ u ] Tense bit[ N ] book[ L ] Lax bait[ e ] bet[ D] Tense [ H] [B] Low bat[ W ] Bob[ A ] boat[ o ] Lax bored[ C ] Tense Lax CONCLUSION Every rule has its exception. Thanks for listening！