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The Linguistics of SLA
Saville-Troike, M. (2005). Introducing
second language acquisition. New York:
Cambridge UP.
10-1002
The Nature of Language
Languages: Systematic, Symbolic, & Social
Language Knowledge
– Lexicon (voc)
– Phonology (sound system)
– Morphology (word structure)
– Syntax (grammar)
– Semantics (sentence meaning)
– Pragmatics (hidden meaning)
– Discourse
Early Approaches to SLA
Contrastive Analysis (CA) Hypothesis (60s)
Structuralism/Behaviorism
L1 vs. L2: the languages & cultures
S-R-R: Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement
Transfer: Positive vs. Negative (ST, p. 36)
Problems:
– Logical problem in LL (creativity)
– No enough evidence for errors
– No accurate prediction
Early Approaches to SLA
Error Analysis (EA) (70s)
Creativity to construct language
Behaviorism to Mentalism/Rationalism:
Chomsky’s (1957, 1965) Transformational-Generative
Grammar / Universal Grammar
Errors ≠ Bad habits (Corder, 1967)
= window to mind
Procedure of EA (p. 39-40)
Problems:
UG? Avoidance?
Early Approaches to SLA
Interlanguage (IL) (70s)
Creative Process in Environment of L2
(Selinker, 1972) (ex. p. 42)
Features:
– Systematic rules
– Dynamic b/w L1 & L2
– Variable in context
– Reduced system in form & function
– Overgeneralization of L2
Accents Fossilized: 阿諾
Early Approaches to SLA
Morpheme Order (70s)
Linguistics to Cognition
Natural Order in L1 & L2 Learning
(Brown, 1973; Dulay & Burt, 1974) (p. 44)
Early Approaches to SLA
Monitor Model (late 70s)
Stephen Krashen
in the 80s and 90s.
(1978): Great influence
Features:
– Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
– Monitor Hypothesis
– Natural Order Hypothesis  Zero Option
Hypothesis
– Input Hypothesis
– Affective Filter
Universal Grammar (UG) (80s)
Generative-Transformational
Grammar  Universal Grammar
(Language Faculty) (Chomsky)
UG: Head-initial / Head-final