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Contrastive Analysis Final Report

Topic:
The Perception and Production of English
Liquids by Japanese ESL Students
指導教授:鍾榮富
研 究 生:賴承誠
The Perception and Production of English
Liquids by Japanese ESL Students
Replicate the study by Sheldon and Strange
titled, "The acquisition of /r/ and /l/ by
Japanese learners of English: Evidence
that speech production can precede speech
perception."
 Shelton’s study also replicated the study
carried out by Goto in 1971.

Contrary Views


The dominant view in L1 acquisition theory is that the
development of phonetic perception precedes the
development of production (Smith, 1973; Barton,
1976; Edwards, 1974; Ingram, 1976; and Menyuk, 1977).
Shavchikin (1973) opposes the perception-production
ordering of phonological acquisition. He states that
"production of phonetic distinctions actually precedes
and shapes the child’s auditory perceptual abilities"
(p.243, as cited in Shavchikin, 1973).
Shelton’s Goal
 Sheldon
and Strange sought to
support the assertion made by Goto
that “perception does not necessarily
precede production with reference to
phonological acquisition of a second
language. “
Research Method:
 the
perception test
 the production test
 subject
How to collect data:
The test consisted of the 16 minimal pairs
which contained the English liquids /l/
and /r/ used in the Sheldon and Strange
study and other 8 minimal pairs as
distractors (also drawn from Sheldon and
Strange).
(Perception List)
 Two tests were administered on the same
day to all four subjects.

Difference

Unlike the Goto and Sheldon and Strange
studies, all the tests were conducted in live
spoken English between my students and myself.

Unlike the Sheldon and Strange study the
researcher eliminated the aspect of nonnative
speakers listening to the production of other
nonnative speakers.
Production Error VS Perception Error
Subject
Perception Error
Production Error
1
22%
16%
2
19%
19%
3
25%
37%
4
22%
0%
Perception Error related to position
of the phonemes /r/ and /l/
position
/r/
/l/
combination
Initial
12%
37 %
25 %
Consonant
cluster
Medial
56 %
25 %
41 %
12 %
25 %
12 %
final
6%
0%
3%
Shelton’s Result




subjects had more difficulty in perceiving the /l/ in initial
position rather than the /r/ phoneme (18% vs. 4%).
had the greatest difficulty in perceiving the /r/ phoneme in
consonant clusters (26% error) in comparison to the /l/
phoneme in the same position (9% error).
While subjects about the same difficulty with the /r/ and /l/
phonemes in medial position (13% and 14% error respectively),
the perception error for both phonemes was very low in the final
position (2% error for both /r/ and /l/).
Therefore, despite the fact that Japanese does not have liquids in
final position, there was no evidence that this had any transfer
effect in the production or perception of liquids in final position
which might be attributed to the fact that final liquids in English
are "r-colored" or "dark l's" as explained by Sheldon and Strange.
Result
Initial /l/ more difficult than initial /r/
 The most difficult: /r/ consonant cluster
 liquids in final position exhibited a very low rate
of perception error
 perception versus production of English liquids
by Japanese nonnative speakers :
production error (18%) was lower than the
average perception error (22%)

Comment
subject
 The production test:
The person listening to the subjects’ production
 Measurement of production
Use instrument to measure the volume
A reversion of test form

The End
Thanks for Attention