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Strategies in host-related
special risks
Time factor in travel
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Short trips abroad
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Various studies illustrate that the attack rate
for illnesses such as traveler’s diarrhea and the
rate of accidents is lower in short-term
travelers.
In long-haul airline crews, upper respiratory
tract infections are the most common cause of
lost work time, followed by gastrointestinal
illness and trauma.
Low back pain, fatigue, and insomnia(失眠)
probably related to jet lag, are also frequently
reported by airline crew members.
Time factor in travel

Long-term travelers and expatriates
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This is a heterogeneous including students on a very
low budget, missionaries and relief workers,
employees of multinational firms, and diplomatic
staff.
Persons who choose to live in another country must
know that they will need to adjust to the new
environment: climate, seasonal variations, and
different kinds of food and beverages.
The basic living conditions, the culture, the language,
and people’s attitudes may be all different, which
can be stimulating for some and stressful and
depressing for others.
Time factor in travel

Before departure, long-term travelers
should ideally undergo a through medical
assessment that should include:
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Medical history
Physical examination and psychological
evaluation
Laboratory examination, particularly
hematology, liver function tests, urinanalysis,
HIV test, and hepatitis serology.
Tuberculin test(結核菌檢驗)
Chest radiography
Dental assessment