Transcript Immigrants or citizens? Distinguishing immigrant settlement areas from ethnically diverse residential areas

Immigrants or citizens?
Distinguishing immigrant settlement areas
from ethnically diverse residential areas
Ludi Simpson
www.ccsr.ac.uk
BSPS Annual Conference
Manchester, 10-12th September 2008
www.ccsr.ac.uk/research/mrpd
Are ethnic concentrations and
immigrant integration related?
• Academic history and theory
– Enclaves and ghettos: do not depend on
international migration
– Immigrant integration: does not depend on
geographical de-concentration
• Political and common views
– The pace of immigration has created such
large concentrations of immigrants that there
remain culturally separate enclaves which
cannot integrate
Current knowledge
• Evidence of settlement patterns
– Some areas receive more immigration, than
others
– Central city, cheaper housing, employmentled regions
• Evidence of dispersal
– Internal movement of minorities is away from
areas of highest concentration of minorities
Census data to measure three
different concepts of ‘immigrant’
• The event of immigration (?)
– Immigrated to UK in year before census
• A person who has immigrated in their
lifetime (?)
– Born outside UK
• A person whose recent ancestors have
immigrated (x?)
– Ethnic groups other than White British
Questions
• How closely correlated are the geography
of immigration, life-time migrants, and
ethnicity?
• Can ‘immigrant settlement areas’ be
measured by ‘concentrations of minority
ethnic groups’?
• Can one group’s ‘settlement area’ be an
area to which another group disperses?
Geography of immigration and ethnic group
Immigration 2000-01 as % of group's local 2001 population
Minorities
White
175,434
OAs
175,434
OAs
1 Lowest % minorities (1%)
2.8%
0.3%
2
3.3%
0.6%
3
3.6%
1.1%
4
3.6%
1.6%
5
3.1%
1.7%
6
2.5%
1.7%
7
1.8%
1.3%
8
1.7%
1.1%
9
1.5%
1.0%
10 Highest % minorities (85%)
1.2%
1.0%
Areas allocated to deciles of
increasing % minorities
2001 Census, table KS24
Recent immigration, birthplace, and ethnic group:
Geographies from 2001 census (2001 5% SAM)
Immigrated last
year
Concen
-tration
Immigrated
before last year
Concen
Other -tration
Other
Ethnic group total
sample(=100%)
Concentration
Other
White
British
.03%
.05%
1.4%
2.1%
White Irish
.21%
.16%
1.8%
1.6%
16,022
16,104
10.52%
9.55%
73.0%
66.4%
33,525
33,964
1.22%
2.44%
52.4%
51.1%
24,819
26,874
Pakistani
.94%
1.42%
41.9%
45.4%
17,610
18,209
Bangladeshi
.64%
.86%
53.6%
53.4%
7,635
6,379
Caribbean
.45%
.77%
40.3%
42.4%
14,123
13,859
African
1.7%
4.76%
61.6%
64.2%
12,214
11,523
Chinese
5.95%
5.54%
66.3%
64.0%
5,648
5,505
Other
8.45% 14.53%
74.1%
71.4%
5,539
5,518
Other White
Indian
1,136,139 1,138,393
Correlations of group immigration
with group population born in UK
Lifetime
immigration
2000-01
immigration
-0.314
-0.200
Irish
0.481
-0.069
Other White
0.803
0.577
Mixed White/Black
0.695
-0.056
Mixed Other
0.829
0.302
Indian
0.956
0.638
Pakistani
0.986
0.751
Bangladeshi
0.997
0.924
Other Asian
0.924
0.289
Caribbean
0.983
0.492
African
0.983
0.805
Chinese
0.833
0.276
Other
0.908
0.610
White British
Unit: local authority
Variables each
expressed as % of local
authority total population
Source: SAM 5%
sample from 2001
census
Three classifications of
settlement/dispersal/other districts
Immigrated from
New
Commonwealth
1961-71
Total
Minority
Minority
internal
immigrated migration 20001990-1991
01
Minority
population
2001
645,589
77,829
722
4,521,034
Settlement
Dispersal
Other
Highest concentration 2001
Middle concentration 2001
Lowest concentration 2001
433,485
134,545
77,559
46,057
18,790
12,982
-8,984
8,958
748
3,008,937
1,234,768
277,329
Settlement
Dispersal
Other
Highest concentration 1991
Greatest change 1991-2001
Lower change 1991-2001
434,042
143,807
67,740
45,472
20,282
12,075
-11,281
11,528
475
3,005,965
1,240,511
274,558
Settlement
Dispersal
Other
Highest imm 61-71 or 90-91
Internal migration 2000-01
Other
460,586
88,675
96,328
48,736
14,273
14,820
-9,622
15,442
-5,098
3,138,917
739,578
642,539
Can the same district play both
roles: settlement and dispersal?
Neither settlement (>200 immigrants 2000-01) nor dispersal (>50 net
internal migration) for any group (282 out of 376 Districts)
Immigration >200 for one group only (11 districts)
Bradford
Pakistani
658
-18
Lambeth
Black African
413
-618
Immigration >200 for 2+ groups (3 districts)
Brent
Black African
432
-435
Brent
Indian
908
-543
Net internal migration >50 for one group only (39 districts)
Oadby and Wigston
Indian
49
64
Reigate and Banstead
Black Caribbean
21
51
Bexley
Black African
92
377
Net internal migration >50 for 2+ groups (39 districts)
Barking and Dagenham
Bangladeshi
5
54
Barking and Dagenham
Black African
167
744
Barking and Dagenham
Black Caribbean
23
159
Barking and Dagenham
Pakistani
33
84
Sutton
Black African
80
93
Sutton
Black Caribbean
38
103
Sutton
Indian
95
92
Sutton
Pakistani
15
109
Settlement some groups, dispersal others (8 districts)
Sheffield
Black African
328
12
Sheffield
Chinese
324
16
Sheffield
Indian
160
239
Both settlement and dispersal for same group(s) (4 districts)
Greenwich
Black African
457
440
Manchester
Black African
463
203
Manchester
Chinese
438
177
Manchester
Indian
282
213
Manchester
Pakistani
291
84
Mixture of settlement, dispersal and dual roles (15 districts)
Leicester UA
Black African
414
238
Leicester UA
Indian
850
-150
Leicester UA
Pakistani
79
76
Birmingham
Black African
656
197
Birmingham
Black Caribbean
264
-110
Birmingham
Chinese
427
46
Birmingham
Indian
496
-204
Birmingham
Pakistani
872
-9
Answers
• How closely correlated are the geography of
immigration, life-time migrants, and ethnicity?
– Strongly when absolute numbers are considered.
– Minority immigration is proportionally less to concentrations than
to other areas.
• Can ‘immigrant settlement areas’ be measured by
‘concentrations of minority ethnic groups’?
– Fairly closely but some exceptions (Barking; Oadby)
– Geographical scale to be investigated
• Can one group’s ‘settlement area’ be an area to which
another group disperses?
– Yes
– Far more nuanced interpretations are possible, and necessary
when particular places are referred to
Geography of immigration and ethnic group
Immigration 2000-01 as % of group's local 2001 population
Immigration into
Minorities
White
175434
OAs
8850
wards
175434
OAs
8850
wards
1 Lowest % minorities
2.8%
3.4%
0.3%
0.3%
2
3.3%
3.9%
0.6%
0.6%
3
3.6%
3.6%
1.1%
0.9%
4
3.6%
3.0%
1.6%
1.3%
5
3.1%
2.6%
1.7%
1.6%
6
2.5%
2.3%
1.7%
1.6%
7
1.8%
1.6%
1.3%
1.3%
8
1.7%
1.6%
1.1%
1.3%
9
1.5%
1.6%
1.0%
1.1%
10 Highest % minorities
1.2%
1.4%
1.0%
1.1%
areas allocated to deciles
of increasing % minorities
2001 Census, table KS24