Transcript Using the 2001 Census SARs to explore the characteristic of people who are 'working below potential.

Using the 2001 Census SARs to
explore the characteristics of people
who are ‘Working Below Potential’
Lisa Buckner1 & Linda Grant2
1
2
University of Leeds
Sheffield Hallam University
Contents
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GELLM
Why PT work ?
GELLM/EOC study
Using the 2001 SARs to explore WBP
Defining WBP
Characteristics of those WBP
Results from logistic regression
GELLM
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Gender and Employment in Local Labour
Markets (GELLM) research programme Sep 04Aug 06 – HEESF funded
12 Local Authorities
National partners - TUC, EOC
3 academic advisors
Output: shu.ac.uk/research/csi or
leeds.ac.uk/sociology/research/circle/gender-reportspublications.htm
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Stage 1 - 12 Gender profiles
Stage 2 - 6 local research studies (4-6 LAs in each) –
31 local reports, 6 synthesis reports
Why part-time work?
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Growing importance of PT employment
1991-2002 total number of part-time jobs
held by women in England rose by 31%
By 2002 48% of all jobs held by women
in England were part-time
Why part-time work? (2)
Results from 2001 SAR (25-64/59) :
 Top 3 occupation categories:
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49% of men and 48% of women employed FT compared with 33%
of men and 21% of women employed PT
85% of men and 83% of women with degrees employed FT
compared with 67% of men and 70% of women who work PT
Elementary occupations:
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24% of men and 20% of women employed PT compared with 11%
of men and 6% of women employed FT
10% of men and 3% of women with degrees employed PT
compared with 3% of men and 1% of women who work FT
Why part-time work? (3)
Part-time employment in England by age and gender
Men
80
Women
Percentage of people in employment
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
16
17
18
19
20 to
24
25 to
29
30 to
34
35 to
39
40 to
44
45 to
49
Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003
50 to
54
55 to
59
60 to
64
65 to
69
70 to
74
Source: 2001 Census SARs
0
70
60
ALL
Elementary
Process; Plant
& Machine
Operatives
Sales &
Customer
Services
Personal
Services
Skilled Trades
Admin &
Secretarial
Associate
Prof. &
Technical
Professionals
Managers &
Senior
Officials
Percentage of employees
Why part-time work? (3)
Part-time employees in England by occupation and gender: 25-64/59
Men
Women
50
40
30
20
10
Why part-time work? (4)
Part-time employees by ethnicity and gender : 25-64/59
Men
50
Women
Percentage of employees
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
White White Irish/ Mixed
British White Other
Source: 2001 Census SARs
Indian
PakistaniBangladeshi Black
Caribbean
Black
Afican
Chinese
and Other
GELLM/EOC study (1)
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Local research study- Working below potential: Women
and Part-time work (Grant et al. 2006)
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Study of women working in low paid, part-time jobs to find out
why women do not always use all of their skills or experience or
qualifications when they work in part-time jobs
Study undertaken in 22 workplaces in 6 localities - Camden,
Thurrock, Trafford, Leicester, Wakefield, and West Sussex
Completed questionnaires from 333 women working PT
89 women interviewed and also 22 senior managers
interviewed
GELLM/EOC study (2)
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National/EOC survey
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(Darton and Hurrell 2005):
50% of part-time women workers were WBP (2.7
million GB)
54% of part-time men workers were WBP (850,000
million GB)
GELLM Survey: 54% of part-time women
workers were WBP
Staggering under-use of women’s and men’s
skills, talents, qualifications and experience
Why is this happening?
GELLM/EOC study (3)
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Why do women work below their potential?
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Few senior part-time jobs on open labour market
Few opportunities for promotion for part-time workers
Intensity of work in senior jobs
Taking steps to realise potential
Content to work below potential
Key reasons relate to labour markets, job design and
line manager decisions
Women want to work PT - not to squander skills
Using the 2001 Census SARs to
explore WBP (1)
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Extend previous study:
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to include men
to look at importance of other characteristics
such as:
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sex
ethnicity
provision of unpaid care
family circumstances
health
Using the 2001 Census SARs to
explore WBP (2)
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2001 Census data
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Sample of Anonymised Records
Individual SAR - 3% sample of Census records
1,843,530 individuals
Information includes:
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Demographic info.- age, sex, ethnicity, qualifications, health
Employment info. – hours worked, occupation, industry TTW
Household info. – family type, unpaid caring, dependent
children, etc.
Analysis limited to employees of working age (1664/59) in England to mirror GELLM study
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BUT 16-24 years olds are excluded since students often take on
temporary jobs whilst studying – 494,521
Using the 2001 Census SARs to
explore WBP (3)
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2001 Census data
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Data doesn’t include any information about
previous jobs or experience or skills
Need to define WBP in terms of qualifications
and current occupation
Defining Working Below Potential
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WBP
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Narrowest definition – people with degree+
qualifications employed in elementary jobs
(low-skilled, low-paid occupations)
Wider definitions based on qualifications
‘required’ for different occupations
Defining WBP (2)
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For this study WBP defined as:
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Degree + qualifications and working:
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In sales and customer services
In personal service occupations
As a process plant and machine operative
In elementary occupations
2+ A levels and working:
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As a process plant and machine operative
In elementary occupations
Characteristics of people WBP (1)
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Overall 9.4%.
Lower than the GELLM/EOC study findings. This
maybe due to:
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Definition doesn’t include people who are working in
jobs which don’t make use of their skills, previous
experience etc.
GELLM/EOC study concentrated on women working in
low-paid PT jobs
Definition is cautious – more likely to under than overestimate WBP
Characteristics of people WBP (2)
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Overall 9.4%. Most likely to be WBP:
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Men (10.1%) – women (8.7%)
25-29 (11.6%) – 45-64/59 (9.0%)
Black African (23.7%) – White British (9.0%)
LLTI (11.3) – no LLTI (9.3%)
Carer for 20+ hours (12.5%) – non-carer
(9.3%)
Non-couple families (10.1%) – couple families
(9.2%)
Characteristics of people WBP (3)
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Overall 9.4%. Most likely to be WBP:
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Either dependent + non dependent children OR
all children non-dependent (10.6%) – no
children (8.9%)
Renting from LA/HA (13.7%) – owns (8.7%)
Part-time employee (12.6%) – FT (8.5%)
Transport industry (16.8%) – finance (2.5%)
North east (10.7%) – East of England (8.7%)
Characteristics of people WBP (4)
Percentage of PT employees
WBP by ethnicity and gender: Part-time employees aged 25-64/59
50
Men
45
Women
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
White White Irish/ Mixed
British White Other
Source: 2001 Census SARs
Indian Pakistani
Bangladeshi Black
Black Chinese
Caribbean Afican and Other
WBP – Logistic regression results
Sex
Females
0.7***
Age
25-29
30-44
1.47***
1.06***
Ethnicity
Indian
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Black Caribbean
Black African
1.41***
1.42***
0.90 (NS)
1.32***
3.58***
WBP – Logistic regression results
LLTI
Yes
1.17***
Carer
1-19 hours
20+ hours
1.08***
1.27***
Family
Couple
0.94***
Dependent children
Dep only
0.99 NS
Dep+ non-dep 1.12***
Non-dep only
1.17***
WBP – Logistic regression results
Tenure
Rents LA/HA
Rent private
1.35***
1.24***
Employment PT
status
1.89***
Industry
Agriculture, manufacturing,
hotels, restaurants, wholesale,
retail, transport
>1.00***
Finance, real estate, public
admin. , construction
<1.00***
Education
NS
(control Health
and social work)
WBP – Logistic regression results
Region
(control
West Midlands)
North East, North West,
Yorks & Humber, East
Midlands, South West
>1.00***
East of England,
London, South East
<1.00***
Summary
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WBP appears to be associated with:
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Being male
Working PT
Having a LLTI (odds of 17% more likely of WBP compared with
people who don’t have a LLTI)
Provision on unpaid care – people who provide 20+ hours a week
have 27% higher odds of WBP than non-carers
Having either dep + non-dep or all non-dep children in the family
Not living in a couple family
Living in rented accommodation – LA/HA odds are 35% higher,
private renting odds are 24% higher than people who own home
Particular industries – transport, wholesale & retail, hotels and
restaurants, agriculture
Particular regions, NE, NW, EM, SW
WBP – Next steps
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Fit interaction terms/explore other variables
Use 2001 SAM:
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To look to see if locality is significant
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Also look at ONS LA classification to see if it is the
type of area
But need to define WBP in terms of NSSec/SEG
– no occupation data available
Use APS to look at types of qualifications in
more details.
Working Below Potential –
Publications/References
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Working Below Potential: Women and Part-time Work
by Linda Grant, Sue Yeandle & Lisa Buckner (2006)
published by Centre for Social Inclusion, Sheffield Hallam University. (A series of Locality
Reports on Working Below Potential have also been published in 2006, in co-operation with
local authorities in Camden, Thurrock, Leicester, Wakefield, and West Sussex)
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Working Below Potential: Women and Part-time Work
by Linda Grant, Sue Yeandle & Lisa Buckner (EOC, 2005)
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People working part-time below their potential
By David Darton and Karen Hurrell (EOC, 2005)
Acknowledgements
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The 2001 SARs are provided through the Cathie
Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research
(University of Manchester), with the support of the
ESRC and JISC.
All tables containing Census data, and the results of
analysis, are reproduced with the permission of the
Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the
Queen's Printer for Scotland.
GELLM colleagues – Cinnamon Bennett1, Ian
Chesters2, Karen Escott2, Chris Price1, Lucy Shipton2,
Bernadette Stiell2, Ning Tang2, Sue Yeandle1
1
University of Leeds, 2 Sheffield Hallam University