Transcript Dia 1 - Kommunal

Gender, care and paid work
Abvakabo FNV, Anneke Stevens
March 2010
History of the emancipation of women
•
First wave of feminism (1870-1920):
*women’s suffrage (right to vote)
*Aletta Jacobs, Wilhelmina Drucker
•
Second wave of feminism (1960-1980):
*breaking free of the ‘housewife syndrome’
*economic independence/women go to work
*sexual freedom
*new division of care responsibilities
*winning political power
•
Third wave of feminism (1990s):
*ethnic & cultural minorities become a hot topic
*diversity is key
20-7-2015
History of the emancipation of women - union
•
At first the union was predominated by men.
•
Together with the second wave of feminism, the union started to take
notice of these developments.
•
Nowadays, more than 50% of our members is female and we made
agreements for regulations about childcare support, parental leave and
informal care.
•
We still fight for more support and regulations to combine care and
work.
20-7-2015
Labour participation by women in figures
•
International norm for labour participation (a job for at least 1 hour a
week): The Netherlands has a high score, 70%. Only Sweden (72%)
and Denmark (73%) score higher.
•
Percentage of working women has increased hugely in the past 20
years.
•
But the number of hours that women work is lower than in most other
European countries.
•
Dutch norm for labour participation (job for at least 12 hours a week):
The Netherlands scores 59% (2008).
•
Out of all women who have a job for at least 12 hours a week, 69% work
part-time (2008).
20-7-2015
Causes of part-time work: historical perspective
•
Until the second wave of feminism, the Netherlands had a breadwinner
model with a traditional division of labour.
•
Income, social security and more were dependent on this breadwinner
model, in which the man brought home the income.
•
Gradually, after 1970, the breadwinner model (single income) shifted
towards a 1.5 earner model (1.5 income).
•
However, for many years the breadwinner model continued to be an
intrinsic part of society in the Netherlands.
20-7-2015
Causes of part-time work: Care for the children
•
Women often take responsibility for the majority of child care, although
agreements are made with their partner or spouse.
•
Women take parental leave much more often than men. Men have more
obstacles to requesting parental leave, or getting approval for it.
•
Both women and men feel that young children (under the age of 2)
should preferably be raised by their own parents or other family
members.
20-7-2015
Causes of part-time work: family needing special care
•
71% of volunteer care providers under the age of 65 combine care
responsibilities with paid employment.
•
Women more frequently care for a sick parent, child or partner than
men. Women between the ages of 45 and 54 are particularly like to
accept this responsibility.
•
Only 35% of all volunteer care providers have made agreements with
the employer about how to combine care and work.
20-7-2015
Causes of part-time work: division of household tasks
•
Both women and men are in favour of an equal division of labour in the
household.
•
However, in practice women still do the majority of household tasks.
20-7-2015
Causes of part-time work: role of the employer
•
Organisation of labour does not allow for any flexibility.
•
Part-time employment saves on costs, allowing the employer to
schedule employees in peak hours and slow hours.
20-7-2015
Causes of part-time work: role of the government
•
Child care is expensive and does not sufficiently meet the needs and
preferences.
•
Education is not sufficiently in line with preferences.
20-7-2015
Trends and developments
•
Ageing, dejuvenation, total shrinkage
•
Cutbacks in health care sector
•
Future personnel shortages in health care, education and welfare
sector; pressure on informal care is increasing
•
Government incentives to encourage more women to start working more
hours.
•
However, the economic crises is a threat!
20-7-2015
Do women want to work more hours?
•
Women often choose to work part-time, but are willing to work more
hours under certain conditions.
•
33% of women with a very small part-time job (1-11 hours) want to work
more hours.
•
50% of women with a small part-time job (12-19 hours) want to work
more hours.
•
25% of women with a large part-time job (more than 20 hours) and
>50% of women with a full-time job would prefer to work fewer hours.
•
Conclusion: medium-level part-time jobs (20-27 hours) are the most
popular option.
20-7-2015
Conditions for working more hours
•
Cultural perceptions of men (and women).
•
Better organisation of labour, more in line with the preferences of the
employee.
•
Child care and education in line with parents’ preferences.
20-7-2015
Abvakabo FNV: Decent work & economic independence
•
Individual right to decide whether to work part-time or full-time.
•
Focus on ‘decent work’, for an honest wage and a fair income.
•
This means: an income that achieves economic independence.
20-7-2015
Abvakabo FNV
•
Promotes development of cultural views:
*Influence cultural views held by men and women on division of care,
household and volunteer care for sick family members, in actual
practice.
•
Encourages employers to:
*Increase hours for small part-time contracts to increase economic
independence.
*Introduce more flexible work options (working hours, options for
working from home).
•
Encourages the government to:
* Provide affordable, good-quality child care,education and regulations
to combine care and work more effective.
20-7-2015
• Thank you for your time!
• Any questions?
20-7-2015
20-7-2015