Transcript Artifical Insemination and Embryo Transfer

Artificial Insemination
History of Artificial Insemination
• 1322- Arab Chief stole semen from an arabian
stallion belonging to another chief to breed his
prized mare
• 1780- Successful AI of Dogs
• 1900’s – Livestock
– Became popular in cattle 1960’s & 70’s
– Sucessful in Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Swine, Horses, Dogs,
Cats, Poultry, Lab Animals, Humans, and Insects.
Advantages of Using AI
• Maximize use of outstanding sires. Thus,
enhancing the genetic value of the herd.
• Providing access to high quality sires at
modest prices. Also, avoid price of
ownership.
• Improve herd by selecting the best sire
match for female.
• Records and genetic traits available
• Prevention of disease transmission(std’s)
Advantages Continued
• Shortening of the birthing season
• Improved merchandising through the use of
well publicized sires with known
reputations.
• Increased safety – no aggressive males on
farm (bull, stallion)
• “Life Insurance” for the sire, will still have
offspring after he is deceased.
Disadvantages of Using AI
• Requires skilled technician.
• More labor intensive, females must be
watched to detect estrus.
• Must have special handling facilities.
• Training sires for collection
• Accentuates poor traits if a poor sire is
selected
• May increase the spread of disease
Process of Artificial Insemination
• Semen Collection
– Two methods
• Artificial vaginas
• electroejaculation
• Semen Processing, Storage and Handling
• Insemination
Semen Collection
• Male is trained to mount a teaser animal or
dummy
• Penis is directed into an artificial vagina
that is temperature controlled to be the same
temperature as the female.
• Ejaculation occurs
Frequency of collection
• Bulls
– Twice a day – 2 days/week- frozen semen
– Three times a week otherwise
• Sheep
– Many times a day for several weeks
• Boars and Stallions
– Every other day
– If everyday is required for short period, let rest for 2-3
days between intensive collection.
Semen Processing
• Dillution
– Can be diluted so that more animals can be bred with
one ejaculate
• Freezing
– Use liquid nitrogen at -320°F
• Storage
– Put into ampules or plastic straws.
• Liquid nitrogen tanks
• Horse and swine semen is generally not frozen
Insemination
• Estrus detection in female
• Timing is important – sperm need to be injected
into oviduct at ovulation
• Semen is thawed and placed in inseminating
device.
• Technician inserts speculum into female
reproductive tract into cervix
• Inseminating tube is inserted and sperm is
deposited.
• Technician is well trained to avoid
damaging the reproductive tract of females.
• Cleanliness and sterilization are very
important to reduce disease transmission.
Procedures
• Cattle
– Rectovaginal technique -Straw inseminating gun or
pipet
• Sheep
– Speculum – straw inseminating gun or pipet
– Laparoscopic insemination (most common)
• Semen is deposited directly into the uterine horns by way of
surgical procedure.
• Swine
– Cork screw pipet
• pipet is hooked to bottle containing semen
• Horse
– Vaginal method
• Straw inseminating gun or pipet