Transcript Module 4

Virginia Department of Education
Module Four
Using a Space Management System
While Interacting with Traffic
1
Virginia Department of Education
Module Four
Using a Space Management System While
Interacting with Traffic
Topic 1
Assessing and Managing Risk
Topic 2
Components of a Space Management System
Topic 3
Using the SEEiT Space Management System
Topic 4
Moving the Vehicle
Topic 5
Turnabouts and Parking
2
What is Risk?
Driving Risk is the potential that a chosen
action (e.g., speeding, texting, etc.,) may
lead to an undesirable outcome
Choices have Consequences
An average of SEVEN teenagers
are killed in crashes every day
3
Minimizing Risk
Remain alert to your constantly
changing surroundings
Identify potential hazards and
factors that may jeopardize safety
Assess your options to evade, avoid,
or minimize risk
Employ compensatory strategies
4
Assessing and Managing Risk
To properly assess a specific
risk, one needs to have some
idea of potential outcomes
For example, if you are a
distracted driver, your risk
for being involved in a crash
increases 4 to 9 times.
(Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, 2008)
5
Factors that Increase Risk
Driver
Behaviors
•Speeding
•Aggressive Driving
•Inattention
•Incorrect Seat
Position
•Failure to maintain
vehicle properly
•Not using seatbelt
correctly
Driver’s State
of Mind
Driving
Conditions
•Intoxication
•Drowsiness/Fatigue
•Anger/Road Rage
•Impatience
•Distraction
•Carelessness
•Inattention
•Weather Conditions
•Sharp/Blind Curves
•Left Turns
•Weave Lanes
•Heavy Traffic
•Pedestrians
•Bicyclists
•Wildlife Crossings
6
What is Risk Assessment?
Drivers must have the ability to:
• Identify a potentially dangerous
situation
• Prepare to take action to avoid a conflict
• Consider options and the potential
consequences of your actions
7
Your Actions have Consequences
Taking unnecessary risks may result in property
damage, injury or death and other losses
•Injury to you or others - permanent or life-threatening
•Damage to personal property, and
•Loss - such as financial loss, loss of license, loss of
convenience, loss of time, and other losses
8
Teen Crash Statistics in the USA
• Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for
teens, accounting for more than one in three deaths in this
age group
• Approximately nine teenagers, (ages 16 to 19) died every day
from motor vehicle injuries
• Per mile driven, teen drivers ages 16 to 19 are four times more
likely than older drivers to crash
What will YOU DO to change these statistics?
9
Consequences of Risk-Taking Behaviors
Young drivers take more risks than other drivers
Virginia data for 2013
•1 crash every 4.36 minutes
•2.09 lives lost per day because of traffic crashes
•174 persons injured per day because of traffic
crashes
•1 out of 25.39 licensed drivers are involved in a
crash and
•Some drivers NEVER have a crash!
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Risk-Taking Behaviors Cause Crashes
Very often drivers actually create the high-risk situations they
become involved in!
• Speeding is the number one cause of crashes in Virginia
Speeding is defined as driving above the posted speed or
driving too fast for conditions
How do speed limits
improve public safety?
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Risk-Taking Behaviors Cause Crashes
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Assessing and Managing Risk
• Failure to Yield Right of Way is the second leading cause of
crashes in Virginia
• Right of way is when a driver or pedestrian is allowed to
proceed first at an intersection, merging roadway, private
driveway, etc.
A driver cannot “take”
right of way - it must be
given by another driver
13
Assessing and Managing Risk
• Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) is the third leading cause of
crashes in Virginia
• In Virginia, 245 persons were killed in alcohol-related crashes
in 2013
Why are young drivers who consume alcohol at much
greater risk of being involved in a crash?
14
Assessing and Managing Risk
Disregarding a traffic
sign or signal is the
fourth leading cause
of crashes in Virginia
15
Assessing and Managing Risk
Factors Contributing to Risk
Following too closely is the fifth leading cause of crashes in
Virginia.
You will not crash if you have space -- space gives you time to
steer or brake to avoid a hazard
Why do young drivers tend
to leave shorter following
distances than older
drivers?
16
Assessing and Managing Risk
Other Driver Actions that Contribute to Crashes:
• Improper Turns — Examples of improper turns would be
turning wide and going into the adjacent lane in a right
turn or crossing the yellow line on left turns
• Unsafe Passing — This involves
illegal passing or passing without
sufficient clearance, and
• Lack of driving experience and
risk-taking behaviors
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Condition of the Vehicle
Factors such as worn or bald tires,
poorly adjusted and/or worn
brakes, broken headlights, worn
windshield wiper blades, dirty
windshield, etc., are all risk factors
increasing the possibility of a
crash
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Roads and the Environment
Roadway design and maintenance
• Road designs that restrict vision,
such as intersections, hills and sharp
curves
• Weather conditions, such as sun
glare and shadows, wet slippery
roads
• Road surface that affects traction,
such as water, ice, snow, gravel, dirt,
etc.
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Assessing and Managing Risk
Risk is always present, but
remember
• Never risk more than you
can afford to lose
• Do not risk a lot for a little
• Consider the odds and your
situation
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How Can You Reduce Driving Risks?
1.
Communicate
2.
Change Speed and/or
3. Change Position
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Communicate
Signal – use lights or hand signals to communicate
turning, backing, hazards, warning, etc.
• Flash brake light (slowing, stopping)
• Adjust lane position (indicates intent to change
lanes or turn, hazard in lane ahead, etc.)
• Tap horn (warn, get someone’s attention)
• Use head lights (to see and be seen, flash to warn
others)
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Change Speed
Your options are to maintain, increase or
decrease speed if:
•path of travel is open
•path of travel is changing
•path of travel is closing
•path of travel is closed
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Change Position or Direction
• It is quicker to change position
than to stop
• You must know what space is
available to:
• move into a different lane position to
gain more space around your vehicle
• change lanes
• turn onto another street
• brake
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Assessing and Managing Risk
How Much Risk is Acceptable?
• Drivers need visibility, space, and time to avoid conflicts and
perform safe driving maneuvers
• Good seeing habits and the ability to manage space on the
roadway are essential ingredients for low-risk driving
• Developing space management HABITS will reduce driving
risks
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Process for Managing the Driving
Environment
SEEiT Space Management
System
• Search for problems
• Evaluate options
• Execute decisions in
• Time
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Safe Driving on the “Habit Level”
Practicing safe driving procedures
until little thought is required to
perform with skill and precision
Is it true that practice makes perfect?
No, perfect practice makes perfect!
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How do you become good?
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Good Habits!
• Plan ahead and leave early
• Prepare yourself and the vehicle
• Perform smooth gradual starts and stops
• Consistently use reference points to determine vehicle
placement
• Establish visual targets in your path of travel
• When you apply your foot to the brake or accelerator, you
check the rearview mirror
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More Good Habits!
• Prior to moving to the left or right, you check side view mirror and
mirror blind spot
• You always strive to maintain a four-second following interval from
the vehicle in front of you and create space to protect yourself on
the sides and rear from unsafe actions of other drivers
• When stopped behind a vehicle, you leave space to move around a
stopped vehicle in the event of an emergency or rear-end crash
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Do YOU Have These Good Habits?
• You visually target to the end of the path of travel
• When approaching a light, you adjust speed to time your
arrival to the green light or stop
• Prior to entering an intersection, you check front, left, and
right zones, and back to the front and left again
• You reduce stress and enhance safety by being courteous
rather than competitive while driving
• You minimize distractions
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What is a Space Management System?
Assess, Action Step, Evaluate
• A space management system helps drivers organize
information into meaningful categories so decisions can be
made easily and quickly
• Drivers must evaluate potential risk using the principles of
probability (will it happen?) and consequence (what will be
gained or lost?)
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Managing the Space Around Your Vehicle
Drivers must manage all six zones around the
vehicle, and adjust position to maintain a safe
margin of space that provides room to steer in an
emergency
3
Right-Front Zone
Front Zone
1
2
Left-Front Zone
Right-Rear Zone
5
Rear Zone
Left-Rear Zone
6
4
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Open, Closed and Changing Zones
• A Zone can be OPEN, CLOSED or
CHANGING
• OPEN — An open zone is a
space where you can drive
without restriction
• CLOSED — The space or area is
not available in the vehicle’s
path of travel
• CHANGING — An open zone
changes to a closed zone or a
closed zone becomes an open
zone
34
Using a Space Management System
Closed
ZONE
Right-Rear Zone
Changing ZONE
Check Rear
Open ZONE
Check Side
Evaluate your options and then take action
OPEN — this zone that has no restrictions to the line of sight or path of travel
CLOSED — this zone not available
CHANGING — it was an open zone that is changing to a closed zone
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Controlling Space
Drivers have the most control over the space directly in
front of the vehicle
2-Second - Following Distance is effective at speeds under 35 mph
3-Second - Following Distance may provide enough time for evasive
steering maneuver on dry surfaces or to brake at speeds up to 45
mph
4-Second - Following Distance provides time to steer out of a problem
on dry surfaces and brake out of a problem at speeds up to 70 mph
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Measuring Your Following Distance
Begin counting when rear of the
vehicle ahead passes a fixed
object such as this tree
one-thousand-one onethousand-two onethousand-three, and…
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Measuring Your Following Distance
When you reach the fixed object you
have calculated your following distance
one-thousand-four
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Increase Following Distance When
• Visibility is limited
• Traction is limited
• Number of visual and mental tasks increases
• Being tailgated
• Line of sight restriction
• Path of travel restriction
• Carrying a heavy load or pulling a trailer
• Learning to drive
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Stopping Behind Another Vehicle
Why should you stop in a position that you can see the
rear tires of the vehicle in front?
See tires
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Space Management for Intersections
When the light turns green, does that mean you
immediately move into the intersection?
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Managing the Space to the Rear
Check rearview mirrors:
• Regularly
• Before and while braking
• While stopped in traffic
• Before and after making turns
• Before and after a lane change
How can you control the space
behind you?
42
Managing the Space to the Sides
• Strive to keep one of the side
zones open
• Respond to an oncoming vehicle
by slightly adjusting lane position
to increase space between your
vehicle and the oncoming vehicle
• Adjust lane position to increase
space between your vehicle and
parked cars, bicyclists, pedestrians,
etc.
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Judging Gaps in Traffic
In order to judge a gap you need to be able to judge speed,
time and distance while moving. This is a very difficult skill
for novice drivers.
•Why is a vehicle approaching from the left most hazardous?
•Why is a larger gap needed for a right turn than to cross an
intersection?
•Why is a left turn more dangerous than a right turn?
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Judging Gaps from a Stopped Position
Traffic is moving at 30 mph
• 5-6 seconds to cross a two-lane roadway (vehicles need to be at least a
block away)
• 7-8 seconds to cross a four-lane intersection
• 7-8 seconds to turn left (vehicles need to be more than a block away or
length of a football field)
• 6-7 seconds to turn right (vehicles need to be at least a block away)
• 4-6 second gap to change lanes into traffic from parked position
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Component of a Space Management Systems
Perception/Reaction/Response Time
Perception Time
Time it takes to identify
a risk
Average perception
time varies with the
circumstances
Reaction Time
Time it takes to
respond with
accelerator, brake, or
steering
Response Time
Total time it takes to
complete the action
Average reaction time
is ¾ second
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Factors Affecting Response Time
• Distractions
• Inattention
• Poor Visibility
• Line of Sight
Restrictions
• Fatigue
• Medications
• Alcohol
• Illness
• Age
• Talking on Cell
Phone
• Others?
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Calculating Speed & Distance Traveled
Formula to calculate feet per second for each MPH of
speed
A vehicle will travel 1.467 (rounded up to 1.5) feet per
second for each mph of speed
40 mph x 1.5 = 60 feet per second
60 mph x 1.5 = 90 feet per second
80 mph x 1.5 = 120 feet per second
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Calculating Feet Per Second for Every MPH
Simplified Formula to calculate feet per second for
each MPH of speed
Take the speed, divide by two, add the answer to the speed. Examples:
40 mph ÷ 2 = 20 + 40 = 60 feet per second
60 mph ÷ 2 = 30 + 60 = 90 feet per second
80 mph ÷ 2 = 40 + 80 = 120 feet per second
A football field is 300 feet in length
Calculate how long it will take a vehicle traveling 40 mph, 50 mph, and 60
mph to cover the length of the football field
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Virginia’s Space Management System
SEE iT!
• Search
• Evaluate
• Execute
in Time
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Using a Space Management System
Space Management Steps:
•Search – Search the entire scene for
anything that might cross or interfere
with your path of travel
•Evaluate -- Give meaning to what you
have observed
• Determine an alternate path of
travel or change in vehicle position.
• Determine proper speed
•Execute -- Carry out any alternative
action needed to minimize risk
•In Time!
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T – 4.11
Processing the Space Management System
SEEiT
•
Search the entire scene in your line of sight/path of travel
for potential risks, and if during your search you identify a
risk you
•
Evaluate it by determining if and where possible points of
conflict may occur, and then
•
Execute your decision as how to best manage the risk by
adjusting speed and/or position
•
in Time to avoid the conflict
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Search in the SEEiT System
• Know when, where and what to look for
• Search far ahead, to the sides, to the rear
• Search for clues: intersections, brake lights, warning
signs, traffic lights, other vehicles, pedestrians, animals,
parked cars, etc.,
• Search for changes in front wheels of other vehicles,
movement to the rear, from the side, etc.
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Search in SEEiT
• Search intersections, crosswalks, shopping centers, parking
lots, construction areas and playgrounds
• When driving in rural areas search for hidden intersections
and driveways, curves, hills and varying road conditions
• Search for trucks and other oversized vehicles, as well as
slow moving farm vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, etc.
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Search
Search at least 20-30 seconds
ahead to your target area
which allows
• time to identify and evaluate
potential problems
• time to execute your plan (adjust
position, speed)
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Searching and Time
What are potential conflicts in the example below?
You are the driver of the red car traveling at 55mph.
•The motorcyclist is traveling at 50mph.
•The blue car is traveling at 60mph.
•The search process consists of these three ranges:
- 4 to 8-second range—Immediate Action Required!
- 12 to 15-second range— look for Escape Routes
- 20 to 30 second range—Search for open path of travel
20 to 30
seconds
12 to 15
seconds
4 to 8
seconds
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Evaluate
• Gives meaning to your search
• Identifies where the possible points
of conflict may occur
• Determines how the conflict may
affect you if it does happen
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Evaluating Risk in the Driving Environment
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Is the traffic light a stale green light?
Will the zone I’m entering be open or closed?
What lane position is the safest?
What is the other driver going to do?
Is the driver texting?
Is there more than one way to manage this risk?
Where will the point of conflict occur?
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Evaluating Risk in the Driving Environment
• Where is the escape route?
• Will someone run the light?
• Will a pedestrian enter the roadway?
• Is there sufficient traction available?
• Is the driver in the vehicle behind me paying
attention?
• Will a door of one of these parked cars open?
• Will a squirrel or deer run onto the road?
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Execute in Time
• You identified a possible conflict developing between you and the blue car
• This conflict will happen because the blue car is traveling at 60 mph and is
going faster than the motorcycle which is traveling at 50 mph
• The blue car may cross into your path of travel to overtake the motorcycle
How would you handle this situation?
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Using a Space Management System
Execute In Time!
As the lane change occurred you had two options:
• slow down and allow the blue car to proceed into zone 1
• or change your position and move into the open zone 2
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Execute in Time
Without proper searching, evaluating
(decision making skills) you may execute
the wrong decision…
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Topic 4 – Moving the Vehicle
•
•
•
•
•
•
Making Proper Adjustments
Moving Straight Forward
Moving Straight Backward
Backing and Turning
Entering the Roadway
Pulling to the Curb
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Before You Move the Vehicle
Make Proper Adjustments:
• Seat
• Steering Wheel
• Head Restraints
• Mirrors
• Safety Belts
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Before You Move the Vehicle
• Start the engine with right foot on brake
• Check instrument panel
• Adjust accessories (HVAC/sound system,
etc.)
• Select proper gear
• Release parking brake
• Signal
• Check traffic
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Moving Straight Forward
• With right foot on brake and hands at 8 o’clock
and 4 o’clock
• Place transmission in Drive
• Select a target
• Recheck traffic
• Take foot off brake (do not accelerate)
• Straighten wheels if necessary
• Move straight towards target
• Accelerate slowly
• Brake as you approach the target
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Backing
Opps! Many new driver’s first “fender
bender” is a backing collision!
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Reducing Risk When Backing
The rear “Foot Print” is the area behind the vehicle that
the driver cannot see from the driver’s seat
The foot print for each of the vehicles below is illustrated
by the “pink” areas
Why are the foot
prints different for
different vehicles?
68
Reduced Risk Backing Strategies
Do you believe that this driver cannot see all of
these children from the driver’s seat?
69
Moving Straight Backwards
• Make proper adjustments
• Start the vehicle with foot on the brake
• Shift to Reverse
• Assume the “straight backing” position with
Backing
• Left hand at 12 o’clock
• Looking over right shoulder
70
Backing in a Straight Line
• Check traffic to front, sides and rear
• Select a target
• Gradually release brake pressure
Backing
• Move slowly/Cover the brake
• Accelerate (if needed)
71
Backing & Turning
• Signal direction the rear of vehicle will turn
• Readjust seating position according to the
direction that you will turn wheel
• Establish visual target (right/left side)
• Use reference points to determine when to
start turning steering wheel
• Turn the wheel in the direction you want the
back of the vehicle to go
• Monitor front of vehicle “swing”
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Steps for Entering Roadway
• Review pre-drive tasks
Check Left
Check
Ahead
• Start the vehicle
• Shift to Drive
• Release parking brake
• Check traffic and signal intention
• Move to first available lane by
• Targeting center lane Position 1
• Cancel Signal
• Accelerate gradually to the flow of
traffic
Check Over
Shoulder
Check Mirror
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Moving to Curb/Side of Road
Check Ahead
•
Check traffic
•
Signal intentions
•
Begin reducing speed
•
Visually target destination
•
Use reference points to position
vehicle 6 – 12 inches from curb
•
Secure the vehicle
Check Over
Shoulder
Check
Behind
Check
Mirror
74
Types of Turnabouts
If you drive by your destination and do not have the option
of driving around the block, execute a
• Two-point turn:
• Pull into driveway on right side
• Pull into driveway on left side
• Three-point turn
• U-turn
• Midblock
• At an intersection
75
Turnabouts
Minimize risk by:
•being sure local laws permit a turnabout — look for any signs
prohibiting the maneuver
•making sure you have at least 500 feet of visibility in each direction
•being sure you have enough space and time to complete the turn safely
•never making a turnabout near or on hills and curves
•checking continually for other traffic and pedestrians — check and
monitor all zones around your vehicle
NO
U
Turns
NO
LEFT
Turns
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Two-Point Turnabouts
Backing into driveway on the right side
Steps:
1. Check traffic flow
Signal, and position yourself 2-3 feet from curb
1
2. Drive beyond the driveway and stop; shift to
reverse and monitor intended path
3. Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to
the right as you enter driveway
2
4. Straighten wheels, centering car in driveway,
and stop with the wheels are straight
5. Signal left and exit driveway when the way is
clear
3
77
Two-Point Turnabouts
Pulling into driveway on the left side
1. Check traffic flow
• Signal and position your vehicle to 3-6
inches from center yellow line
• When traffic is clear, drive into the
driveway and stop
• Shift to reverse, monitor intended path
2. Back slowly, turning steering wheel
rapidly to the right as you exit driveway
• Straighten wheels, centering car in
roadway
3. Shift into Drive - Check traffic and
accelerate to normal speed
1
2
3
78
Three-Point Turnabouts
2
4
1
3
5
• Three-point turns are also called Y-turns and are an option
when no driveway is available, traffic is light, you cannot
drive around the block, or the available space prevents a Uturn – never attempt near hill or curve
Remember, this is the most dangerous turnabout!
79
Steps to Make Three-Point Turnabouts
2
1
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
Stop close to the right edge or curb
• Search for a 20- to 30-second gap, signal a left turn
Move slowly forward while turning the steering wheel rapidly to the left
• when the front wheels are almost to the curb, stop — Check traffic
left and right
Shift the vehicle into Reverse and, while slowly backing up, turn the
wheel to the right
Shift into Drive — Check traffic — Signal your intent and accelerate to
normal speed
80
U-Turn Turnabouts
Mid-Block U-Turn
2
4
1
3
5
• Make sure local and state law permits this type of turnabout
• A midblock U-turn requires a wide space
• Use caution - this is a high-risk turnabout
81
U-Turn Turnabouts
U-Turn at an Intersection
• When making a U-turn at an
intersection, begin the U-turn
in the left lane closest the
center line or median
1
5
• Complete the turn in the lane
farthest to the right in the
opposite flow of traffic, and
accelerate to the appropriate
speed
82
2
1
3
Check following
traffic
Signal
6
Search for place to park
5
4
Steer gently
towards curb
Release accelerator, tap
brake pedal
Apply steady
pressure for
smooth stop
83
Parking Strategies
•
Look for a parking space with enough room for entering and exiting easily
•
Observe and follow all signs, laws, pavement markings
•
Look for vehicles exiting parking spaces
•
Avoid spaces at the end of parking lanes where being hit is more likely
•
Avoid spaces near a large vehicle that block your vision when existing and
other people’s ability to see you
•
Avoid spaces with a poorly parked vehicle on either side
84
No Parking!
Parking is NOT allowed
• Beside another parked vehicle (double parking)
• On crosswalks or sidewalks
• In front of driveways
• Next to painted yellow curbs or no parking signs
• In a parking space reserved for disabled persons
• On the hard surface of a road when no curb is present
85
No Parking!
• Within 20 feet of an intersection
• Within 15 feet of the entrance to a fire, ambulance or
Rescue squad station
• Within 500 feet of where fire trucks or equipment are
stopped answering an alarm
• Within 50 feet of a railroad crossing
• Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant
86
Angle Parking
Parking diagonally to the curb
1. Signal intention, position vehicle three to four
feet away from the space (as far as possible)
2. Move forward until side view mirror appears to
align with the first pavement line
3. Visually target the middle of the space and move
slowly turning the wheel sharply
4. Once front enters space, gradually begin
unwinding the steering wheel while monitoring
the vehicles parked on either side
87
Exiting Angle Parking Space
Place foot on brake, signal direction you are
going to back, shift to Reverse, search path of
travel
•Back until your vehicle’s front seat is
even with the back of the space, and
begin turning the steering wheel in the
direction you want the rear to go
•Remember to monitor the front
bumper on the opposite side of the
direction you are turning
Back into the closest lane; shift to Drive and
move forward
88
Don’t Develop These Bad Habits
• Failure to continuously monitor traffic to the rear
• Forgetting to signal
• Parking too close to the stall lines
• Speed too fast for precise maneuvering
• Steering insufficient or moving steering wheel too slowly
• Failure to target center of the parking space
• Not using forward reference point and hitting curb
• Forgetting to straighten wheels at the end
• Parking too close to other vehicles
• Forgetting to set the parking brake
89
Perpendicular Parking - Entering
1. Signal intention and position the vehicle
five to six feet away from the space
2. Move forward until the side mirror
appears to align with the first line of the
space
4. Steer towards a target in center of the
space and straighten the wheels
5. Position the front bumper three to six
inches from the curb or end of the space
target
3. Turn the wheel rapidly in the direction of
the center of the space controlling speed
90
Perpendicular Parking - Exiting
• Place foot on brake, signal direction of turn, shift to
Reverse, search area to the rear/sides
• Back until your side mirror is even with the bumper
of the vehicle located to the side, begin turning the
steering wheel in the direction you want to go
• Monitor the rear and your front bumper on the
opposite side of the direction you are turning
• When the front bumper clears the back of the
vehicle, stop, and shift to Drive
91
Parallel Parking on a Two-Way Street
STEP 1
•Select a space that is at least five feet longer than
your vehicle
Flash your brake lights , put on your turn
signal as you approach the space, and monitor rear
traffic
•Place your vehicle approximately three feet from the
vehicle you want to park behind, aligning your rear
bumper with the other vehicle's bumper
•Put the vehicle into Reverse and turn the wheels all
the way to the right
92
Parallel Parking on a Two-Way Street
STEP 2
•
Slowly back up until you are at a 45-degree angle
using your side view mirror, back until you can see
the headlight closest to the curb of the vehicle behind
to establish the 45-degree angle
•
Stop
93
Parallel Parking on a Two-Way Street
Step 3
• Turn the wheels all the way to
the left
• Slowly back up while monitoring
the right front fender until you
are parallel with and within 12
inches of the curb.
94
Parallel Parking – Exiting the Space
• Back-up as far as you can go without touching
the vehicle behind and signal
• Turn your wheels all the way to the left and shift
to Drive
• Check traffic and make sure your right front
fender will clear the rear of the vehicle in front
of you
• Turn wheels slowly to the right when your side
view mirror aligns with the bumper of the
vehicle ahead
• Select target in your path of travel and gently
accelerate
95
Parking on a Hill - Facing Downhill
Downhill
Parking
Parking with or without a curb
•Position your vehicle 6” from the curb
•Let the car move slowly forward while turning the
steering wheel sharply to the right until the right
front tire rests against the curb (if there is one)
•Shift into “P” (Park) if your vehicle is equipped with
an automatic transmission or into REVERSE gear for a
manual transmission
•Engage the parking brake
96
Parking on a Hill – Uphill with No Curb
Parking Uphill
1.
Drive as far off the roadway onto the
shoulder as possible and stop
with NO Curb
2. Turn wheels away from traffic
3. Shift into “P” (Park) automatic
transmission, or into FIRST gear for a
manual transmission
4. Engage the parking brake
97
Parking Uphill – With a Curb
1.
Position your vehicle 6” from the curb and stop
2.
Turn your steering wheel away from curb and
let the vehicle move slowly back until the back
of the front tire touches the curb
3.
Shift into “P” (Park) if your vehicle is equipped
with an automatic transmission or FIRST with a
manual transmission
4.
Engage the parking brake
Uphill Parking
with a Curb
98
Parking Lot Strategies
• Obey speed limits
• Obey the signs and pavement markings
• Do not drive diagonally across parking
lot lane markings
• Be alert for pedestrians, bicyclists,
roller-bladders and skateboarders
• Avoid tight parking spaces
• Avoid competing for a parking space
99
Parking Lot Strategies
• Park so the front and rear of vehicle is not in the flow of
traffic
• Position the vehicle properly in the space
• Secure parking brake
• Secure the vehicle, locking valuables in the trunk
• Search all directions before exiting the parking space
• Watch for drivers backing who may not see vehicles to the
rear
100
Parking Garage Strategies
• Watch for backup lights
• Observe and follow all signs
• Stay to the right
• Use headlights
• Be aware of people in and around
the garage
101
Parking Garage Strategies
• When entering the parking garage, be aware of your
surroundings, approach the vehicle with key in hand,
look around and in the vehicle for unwanted
passengers
• Drive slowly and watch for pedestrians
102
Handicapped Parking
• Vehicles displaying this symbol on their license
plate or in the car on a special card may park in
handicapped spaces
• Non-handicapped drivers are prohibited from
parking in handicapped parking areas and may
be fined ($100 +) for violations
103
The international handicapped
sign is a white sign with a blue
wheelchair.
104
105
A disabled person will be fined
$50 if he/she lets a person who
is not disabled use his/her
parking placard?
106
The fine for a disabled person who
lets a nondisabled person use his
parking permit can be $500, and
he/she can have his/her parking
privileges revoked!
107
Fraudulently obtaining a
handicapped placard is a Class 2
Misdemeanor punishable up to 6
months in jail, and a fine of $1,000
108
If you fraudulently create or obtain a
handicapped placard, you can be
charged with a Class 2 Misdemeanor
which is punishable up to 6 months in
jail, and receive a fine of $1,000!
109
The holder of a disabled parking
placard must be a passenger or
driver of the vehicle and must
carry a Disabled Parking Placard
ID card.
110
The person who was issued the
disabled parking placard must
be a passenger or driver in the
vehicle; and, if a police officer
asks, he/she must show the
police officer a Disabled Parking
Placard ID card that matches the
placard.
111
If you park in a disabled parking
space, you can receive a $100 to
$500 fine?
112
Parking in a disabled parking space is
illegal and expensive - it will cost you
up to $500!
113
The only way to obtain a
handicapped parking placard or
license plate is to have a doctor
complete a DMV application form.
114
A doctor must be willing to certify
that you are unable to walk more than
200 yards without assistance.
115
Virginia state law empowers civilian
volunteers to write citations (tickets)
for handicapped parking violations.
116
Virginia state law empowers people
who are not law enforcement officers
to write citations (tickets) for
handicapped parking violations!
117