Transcript Sudan

Sudan:
Civil War, Independence & Darfur
MAPS as of 7/2011
Republic of Sudan
South Sudan
-1899-1956: Egypt and UK have joint
authority on Sudan (Egypt- North, UK- South)
-Independence 1956 from UK
-UK gave power to Islamic Khartoum…
Post Independence
First Civil War
• 1956-1972
• Cause
– General Ibrahim Abboud
tried to Islamize South
– Cold War:
Second Civil War
•
•
Years: 1983-2002(3)
Cause:
–
–
•
–
•
–
• Peace
• Power sharing between
North and South
• BUT wealth and power in
the NORTH
Oil discovered in South!
SPLA
•
•
–
Major Southern Army/ Resistance group
Sudanese People’s Liberation Army
Omar Al-Bashir
•
•
Sudanese President from 1989-today
Violent crackdown on South
Lost Boys
•
•
Sudan became an Islamic state (Arabic
official language, Sharia Law)
Major Players
–
• USSR-North, USA-South
– Addis Ababa Peace
Agreement
Continued forced Islam-ization of South
Issued the “September Laws”:
Refugees from the 2nd Sudanese Civil War
Peace Treaty
–
–
North/South Peace Process- 2002
Goal was to provide a referendum for
Southern Independence
•
Effective!
–
–
Yes to referendum!
Did NOT address problems of
Northern Minorities
Independence and beyond
• Important Facts:
– January 9th, 2011: South Sudan begins voting on Independence
video
– January 15th, 2011: Voting for independence closes article
– February: Independence confirmed article
• Q & A:
– Article
• Independence July 9th, 2011
• South Sudan Today
– Article
• UN:
Genocide:
– The government of Sudan and militias have acted
together in committing widespread atrocities in
Darfur that should be prosecuted by an
international war crimes tribunal, but the violent
acts do not amount to genocide, a U.N.
commission has said. (CNN)
• US:
– The United States was the first to label the killing
genocide. In Sept. 2004, then-Secretary of State
Colin Powell said, "This was a coordinated effort,
not just random violence."
•
The genocide in the Darfur region of western Sudan began
in 2003, when the government of Sudan began sponsoring
attacks against the people of Darfur. The genocide has claimed
400,000 lives and displaced over 2,500,000 people.
•
About the size of Texas, the Darfur region is home to
racially mixed tribes of settled peasants, who identify as African,
and nomadic herders, who identify as Arab. The majority of
people in both groups are Muslim.
•
In February 2003, frustrated by poverty and neglect from
the government in Khartoum (the Sudanese capital), two
Darfurian rebel groups launched an uprising against the
Khartoum government. Claiming to be putting down the
Refugees in Menawashi, Darfur
insurrection, the government responded with a scorchedearth campaign against the innocent civilians of Darfur,
enlisting the janjaweed, a militia drawn from members of
Arab tribes in the region, to perpetrate the attacks.
•
Since February 2003, the government-sponsored
Janjaweed have used rape, displacement, organized starvation,
threats against aid workers, and mass murder.
TIMELINE:
•In March 2003, violence broke out between the government and
rebels from Darfur. Nearly 300 thousand people were killed over a
decade of fighting and famine.
•In 2009, the rebels signed a peace agreement with the
government during talks in the Qatari capital but not everyone
accepted the deal.
•April 2013, world leaders begin rebuilding process at a conference
in Doha, Qatar
Darfur
The International Criminal Court is
accepting supporting evidence of children's
drawings of the alleged crimes committed in
Darfur. This sketch by Abdul Maggit depicts
a typical scene of destruction.
Omar Al-Bashir
*President of Sudan
*Charged with genocide by ICC
• 2009:
– “We will NOT bow to
colonialists!”
• 2011:
– “Conflict in Darfur
my responsibility,
not the international
community”
• On March 4, 2009 Sudanese
President Omar al Bashir,
became the first sitting
president to be indicted by ICC
for directing a campaign of
mass killing, rape, and pillage
against civilians in Darfur.
• The arrest warrant for Bashir
follows arrest warrants issued
by the ICC for former
Sudanese Minister of State for
the Interior Ahmad Harun and
Janjaweed militia leader Ali
Kushayb.
• The government of Sudan has
not surrendered either suspect
to the ICC.
• Limitation of the ICC?
Peace.
• Doha Accords: Agreement between JEM (largest
rebel group) and Khartoum Feb 2009.
• Doha 2013:
– Ten years after the start of the fighting in Darfur, world leaders
say it is time to rebuild.
– Delegates from around the world have arrived in Doha, Qatar's
capital, with the objective to raise billions of dollars to pay for
infrastructure, food and clean water.
• “This conference will address a major question, that after 10 years of war
and destruction, let us take Darfur to another step; from relief, from
emergency - let them take these people to development, to reconstruction
and let them have a positive message [for] the people of Darfur, that the
entire world is with you and that through peace and stability you can rebuild
your country and you can make Darfur again powerful and prosperous.
”
– Atta al-Mannan Bakhait, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperaton
How to Prevent the Next Darfur
The world's worst man-made disaster highlights the
potentially catstrophic effects of climate change on
Africa (see TIME article)