Transcript 19-02_pptlect.ppt
Fundamentals of
Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION
Chapter 19, part 2
Blood
PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood types
• • • Determined by the presence or absence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) • Antigens A, B and Rh (D) Antibodies in the plasma (agglutinins) Cross-reactions occur when antigens meet antibodies Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 19.8 Blood Typing and Cross-Reactions
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Figure 19.9 Blood Type Testing
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Figure 19.10 Rh Factors and Pregnancy
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SECTION 19-5 The White Blood Cells
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Leukocytes
• • • • • Have nuclei and other organelles Defend the body against pathogens Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells Are capable of amoeboid movement (margination) and positive chemotaxis Some are capable of phagocytosis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of WBC
• Granular leukocytes • Neutrophils – 50 to 70 % total WBC population • Eosinophils – phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies • Basophils – migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of WBC
• Agranular leukocytes • • Monocytes - become macrophage Lymphocytes – includes T cells, B cells, and NK cells Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 19.11 White Blood Cells
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Differential count
• Indicates a number of disorders • Leukemia = inordinate number of leukocytes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
WBC Production
• • Granulocytes and monocytes are produced by bone marrow stem cells • Divide to create progenitor cells • Stem cells may originate in bone marrow and migrate to peripheral tissues Several colony stimulating factors are involved in regulation and control of production Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 19.12 The Origins and Differentiation of Formed Elements PLAY
Animation: The origins and differentiation of blood cells Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.12
SECTION 19-6 Platelets
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Platelets
• • Flattened discs Circulate for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Platelet functions
• • • Transporting chemicals important to clotting Forming temporary patch in walls of damaged blood vessels Contracting after a clot has formed Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Platelet production (thrombocytopoiesis)
• • Megakaryocytes release platelets into circulating blood Rate of platelet formation is stimulated by thrombopoietin, thrombocyte-stimulating factor, interleukin-6, and Multi-CSF Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SECTION 19-7 Hemostasis
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Hemostasis
• • Prevents the loss of blood through vessel walls Three phases – • • • Vascular phase Platelet phase Coagulation phase Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hemostasis
• • Vascular phase • Local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm) Platelet phase • Platelets are activated, aggregate at the site, adhere to the damaged surfaces Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 19.13 The Vascular and Platelet Phases of Hemostasis
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.13
Coagulation phase
• • Factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a clot • Extrinsic pathway • • Intrinsic pathway Common pathway Suspended fibrinogen is converted to large insoluble fibrin fibers Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 19.14 The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis
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Figure 19.14 The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis
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Clot retraction
• • Final phase of healing Platelets contract and pull the edges of the vessel together Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fibrinolysis
• • Clot gradually dissolves through action of plasmin • Activated form of plasminogen Clotting can be prevented through the use of drugs that depress the clotting response or dissolve existing clots • Anticoagulants include heparin, coumadin, aspirin, dicumarol, t- PA, streptokinase, and urokinase Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
You should now be familiar with:
• • • • • The components of the cardiovascular system and its major functions.
The important components and major functions of the blood. The characteristics and functions of red blood cells.
The structure of hemoglobin and its functions.
Red blood cell production and maturation.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
You should now be familiar with:
• • • • The importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities.
The various white blood cells.
The structure, function and production of platelets.
The reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings