Transcript Ch.4 Greece and Persia ppt

Ch.4 Greece and Iran 1000-30 B.C.E.
Main Idea
Ancient Iran
Geography and
Resources
Details
Notemaking
•The “land of the Aryans” links west and
central Asia. Indo-European language
speaking people.
•Mountains in the west and north. Deserts
to the south and southeast and seas to the
north and south. A lack of barriers in the
northeast made it vulnerable to attack from
nomads of Central Asia.
•Lacking river valleys, ancient Iran never had
a dense population. Used irrigation to
develop agriculture.
•Salt and mineral wealth. Crossroad of trade
between East, Central and West Asia.
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Iranian Geography
Main Idea
Details
The Rise of the
Persian Empire
550-387 B.C.E.
•Cyrus the Great united Persian tribes circa
550 B.C.E.
•Conquered Mesopotamia and Anatolia.
•Cyrus was known for his benevolence and
tolerance of other cultures.
•Darius I extended Persian control east into
the Indus Valley and west into Europe.
Promoted maritime routes.
Imperial Organization
and Ideology
•Empire stretched from Europe to Pakistan
and Russia to Sudan. The largest and most
cosmopolitan empire the world had yet
seen. Darius divided the empire into 20
provinces called satrapies ruled by satraps
(governors).
•Decentralized rule
•Built royal roads
•Used propaganda to convince others to join
the empire.
•Darius created a body of laws, but each
culture could live with its own traditions.
Notemaking
Persian Empire
Main Idea
Details
Religion
• Some say the Perisan religion of Zoroastrianism was
the first monotheistic religion and heavily influenced
both Judaism and Christianity. The supreme leader
Ahuramazda is engaged in a battle between good and
evil but ultimately good prevails.
Notemaking
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism’s Most Famous
Member, Freddie Mercury lead singer
of Queen
Main Idea
Details
Notemaking
The Rise of
the Greeks
1000-500
B.C.E.
Geography
•Greece is a resource poor region which meant they
& Resources had to turn abroad to access materials. Dry and arid
terrain with no navigable rivers. Viewed the sea as a
connector to the outside world instead of a barrier.
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•Mediterranean climate (dry summer, wet winters)
favorable for growing olives, grapes and wheat.
•Mountainous terrain and scarce resources led to lack
and unity and warfare between the Greeks.
Greek Geography
Main Idea
Details
Notemaking
The
Emergence
of the Polis
& Politics
•Arrival of the Phoenicians in 800 B.C.E. ended
Greece’s isolation and exposed them to the alphabet
which opened them to more widespread literacy.
•Population growth led to increasing urban centers
and overseas colonization which led to the spread of
Greek culture. The Greeks referred to themselves as
Hellenes to distinguish themselves from the
barbarians. Hellenistic refers to the spread of Greek
culture but the Greeks were also exposed to many
news ideas as a result of colonization.
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•The polis (city-state) consisted of an urban center
and surrounding agricultural lands.
•Most urban centers had a hilltop acropolis (fortress)
used for protection during attack and religious
purposes.
•An agora was an open market place where citizens
gathered.
•Hoplites were heavily armed Greek infantrymen
(foot soldiers)who marched in tight phanlanxes
carrying shields for protection.
Main Idea
Details
Notemaking
The
Emergence
of the Polis
& Politics
•Tyrants (people who seize power by force) ruled
most city-states. Then oligarchs (the wealthy few)
seized power and finally in Athens democracy (rule of
the people) was created by Pericles in 450 B.C.E.
Religion
•Polytheistic, worshipped many Gods and Goddesses
that represented forces of nature.
•Homer’s epic poems The Iliad and Odyssey gave
deities distinctive personalities.
•Sacrifice was performed at altars and oracles were
used to predict the future.
Intellectual
•Humanism (emphasis on the individual’s talents and
worth) and rationalism (the explanation of natural
events using science rather than religion) developed
at this time.
•Herodotus, the father of history, believed events not
only need to be recorded but explained. Why did
something happen?
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Acropolis
&
Oracle of Apollo
Main Idea
Details
Notemaking
Athens and
Sparta
Sparta
Environment
Society
Economy
Politics
•Resource poor. Focused on warfare to conquer
neighboring agricultural lands. Turned war captives
into slaves called helots.
•Militaristic (constant preparing for war) led to best
soldiers in Greece. Boys were taken from families at
age 7 and forced to steal their own food, beaten,
sleep on twigs, and no underwear. Women exercised
naked in public to prepare for childbirth.
•No art, poetry or literacy.
•Coinage was banned and commerce was forbidden in
an attempt to make everyone equal.
•Isolationist, did not want to engage in foreign policy.
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Athens
VS
Sparta
Main Idea
Details
Notemaking
Athens
Environment
Economy
Politics
Intellectual
•Fertile plains and large populations with urban
centers. Close to the sea.
•Commerce and overseas trade were important.
Wealth led to the construction of beautiful
monuments. Used money to become an imperial
power.
•Democratic, all adult male citizens could vote and
hold office.
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•Economic advantages led to emergence of
philosophers. Traveling teachers called Sophists (wise
men) provided instruction in logic. Socrates
challenged the wisdom of the sophists, claiming he
was the wisest of all because he knew nothing. Used
questioning and answering to arrive at the truth
(Socratic Method). Unpopular with authority and put
on trial and convicted for corrupting the minds of
youth and sentenced to death.
•Sophocles tragic play Oedipus Rex tells the tale of a
boy who tries to avoid his fate of killing his father and
marrying his mother, but ends up doing it anyway.
Socrates
“The unexamined life is
not worth living.”
-Socrates (Athenian wise
guy)
Main Idea
Athens
Society
Details
Notemaking
•Extremely unequal. One third of the population were
slaves (usually domestic servants).
•Unlike Sparta, women were confined to the home.
Marriage was usually arranged between a young girl
and a much older man for the purposes of
procreation. Love was seen as more likely to exist
between two men than a man and a woman. Men
spent most of their time with other men. Bisexuality
was extremely common and relationships with older
men and younger boys were common.
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Technology
•Mastery of naval technology transformed Greek
warfare and politics. Trireme, a sleek fast warship
powered by 170 rowers became premier warship.
Athens was able to continually dominate other
communities because of its naval strength.
Hoplite
and
Trireme
Main Idea
Warfare
with
Persia
Details
Notemaking
•Frequent conquest with Persia began in 546 B.C.E.
with Cyrus’ conquest of Anatolia. A failed Greek revolt
led to the Persian Wars where Darius wanted to
punish Athens. But a small Greek army defeated the
Persians at the battle of Marathon. Xerxes then sent a
huge force of troops. At the battle of Thermopylae,
300 Spartans gave their lives to allow their troops to
escape.
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Peloponnesian
War
•431 B.C.E. war broke out between Athens and Sparta.
Dragged on for three decades with a great loss of life
and drain of resources. Sparta ultimately won thanks
to the Persian financing of their naval force. Internal
conflict with the Greeks made them vulnerable to
outside attacks and in 336 B.C.E. the Macedonians
from the North under Alexander the Great would
conquer the Greeks.
Hollywood
VS.
History
(Xerxes was not an 8 ft. tall transsexual with multiple body piercings)