Transcript Chapter 17: Stress and Health

Stress and Health
Chapter 17: Stress and Health
Case Study: The Slow-Food, Low-Stress Diet
Section 1: Understanding Stress
Section 2: Stress: Responses and Effects
Section 3: Psychological Factors and Health
Section 4: Ways of Coping with Stress
Simulation: Applying What You’ve Learned
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Case Study: The Slow-Food, Low-Stress Diet
The ability of the French population to consume foods
heavy in fat and sugar but remain slim became known as
the French paradox. One French scientist claimed that the
effect was caused by drinking wine, but this theory was
disproven. Instead, researchers now think the difference is
in the way the French eat a meal: slowly, without rushing or
performing other tasks while eating. These studies show
that the French consume less food in a meal, even though
they spend more time eating. It seems that our eating
habits are not only unhealthy, they are adding to our overall
stress levels as we strive to eat more healthfully.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
What do you think?
• What are some of the key factors that might explain
the French paradox?
• Do you think Americans are ever likely to change their
eating habits and adopt the French diet? Why or why
not?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Section 1 at a Glance
Understanding Stress
• Stress is the arousal of one’s mind and body in response
to demands made upon them.
• Sources of stress include frustration, daily hassles, and
life changes.
• Different types of conflict contribute to stress.
• Some people create their own stress through their
personality type.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Understanding Stress
Main Idea
Many different situations and events can produce both good and bad
stress. Some personality types may even create their own stress.
Reading Focus
• What are the two different kinds of stress?
• What are the main sources of stress?
• Why does conflict cause stress?
• How does personality type affect stress?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Are you a slave to
success?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Different Kinds of Stress
In physics, stress is defined as pressure, or a force. In
psychology, stress is the arousal of one’s mind and body in
response to demands made upon them.
Eustress
Distress
• Eustress is positive stress
• Distress is negative stress
• Increases sharpness and
motivation and can keep people
alert and involved
• Linked to intense pressure or
anxiety
• A sign that a person is taking on
a challenge to try to reach a
goal
• Can strain people’s ability to
adjust to various situations
• Can dampen mood, impair
ability, and harm the body
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Identify Supporting Details
Why isn’t all stress bad?
Answer: Good stress can increase motivation and
keep people alert and involved.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Sources of Stress
Frustration
• Stressor: an event or situation that
produces stress
• What is a stressor for one person
might not be for another.
• Being blocked from attaining a
goal, such as being late to an
appointment or lacking money
• Some stressors are common to
most people.
• Many frustrations are minor, but
more serious ones can be
extremely stressful
Daily Hassles
Life Changes
• Everyday frustrations: household,
health, time-pressure, innerconcern, environmental, financial,
work, future-security
• Major events such as moving,
serious illness, or a death
• Many life changes are positive, and
tend to happen less often
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Click on the
image to play
the Interactive.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Make Generalizations
How can sources of stress influence a
person’s life?
Answer: Sources of stress influence a person’s
life in psychological (depression or anxiety) and
physical ways (health problems).
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Conflict
Approach-Approach
Conflict
Avoidance-Avoidance
Conflict
• Least stressful types
• More stressful
• Each of the choices are positive
• Neither choice is positive
• Usually resolved by making a
decision
• Resolved by making a decision
Approach-Avoidance
Conflict
Multiple ApproachAvoidance Conflict
• Occurs when a choice has both
positive and negative aspects
• Most complex form
• Each of several alternative courses
of action has its advantages and
disadvantages
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Analyze
Which type of conflict might cause the most
amount of stress?
Answer: avoidance-avoidance conflict, there are
no desirable choices
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Personality Types
• Some people create their own stress.
• Two basic personality types: type A (intense) and type B (laid-back)
– Type A people are always on the go and put pressure on themselves
– Type B people are more relaxed and patient, and do not become angry
as easily as type A
• Type A people usually achieve more than type B people, but their
success comes with a price of heightened stress
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Contrast
How does the behavior of type A and type B
people differ?
Answer: type B person more relaxed and less
intense than a type A
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Section 2 at a Glance
Stress: Responses and Effects
• Maintaining a positive attitude and a sense of humor are
among the ways that people can reduce the effects of
stress.
• Stressful situations produce the three stages of the
general adaptation syndrome.
• Chronic stress can suppress the activity of the body’s
immune system.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Stress: Responses and Effects
Main Idea
People respond to stress in different ways, but stressful situations
produce similar responses in the body. Stress—especially chronic
stress—can even compromise the body’s immune system.
Reading Focus
• What factors influence our response to stress?
• What is the general adaptation syndrome?
• How does stress affect the immune system?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Can you ever be too
optimistic?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Responses to Stress
People with different personalities respond to stress in different
ways. The stress of an event depends largely on what the event
means to the person involved. Biology also accounts for
differences in people’s responses to stress.
Self-Efficacy Expectations
Psychological Hardiness
• Beliefs people have that they
can accomplish goals that they
set for themselves
• People with certain traits can
withstand stress
• Closely related to selfconfidence
• Self-confident person likely to
keep cool under pressure
• Commitment—stress as
motivation
• Challenge—prefer change
• Control—feelings of being in
control of their lives
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Sense of Humor
• Students who had a sense of humor and saw humor in difficult
situations experienced less stress than students who were not
able to find humor in the same situations.
• Some research suggests that emotional responses may aid the
immune system.
Predictability
• Having the ability to predict a stressor seems to reduce the
amount of stress it causes.
Social Support
• The presence and interest of other people provide support that
helps people cope with stress.
• Ways to help: express concern, provide physical relief, offer
information, provide feedback, and socialize
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Draw Conclusions
What role might attitude play in responding
to stress?
Answer: Attitude affects how one responds to
stress. A positive attitude yields a positive
response to stress. A negative attitude yields a
negative response to stress.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
The General Adaptation Syndrome
• Selye observed that different stressful situations each produced
similar responses by the body.
• The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) has three stages:
– The alarm reaction
• Initiated when a stressor is perceived
• Sometimes described as the fight-or-flight reaction
• Certain hormones are released that prepare the body for stress
– The resistance stage
• If the stressor is not removed, people try to find a way to cope and to avoid
being overwhelmed
– The exhaustion stage
• If stressor still is not removed, hormones are depleted, muscles are worn
out, heart and breathing rates slow down
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Summarize
What are the three stages of the general
adaptation syndrome?
Answer: alarm reaction, resistance stage, and
exhaustion stage
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Effects of Stress on the Immune System
The Immune System
• Most people are exposed to a great
variety of disease-causing
organisms, but an intact immune
system fights off most of them.
• White blood cells destroy diseasecausing microorganisms, worn-out
body cells, and malignant cells.
• The immune system “remembers”
some invaders and maintains
antibodies to fight them, often for
years.
Stress and the Immune
System
• One reason stress exhausts people
is that it stimulates bodies to
produce steroids, which suppress
the immune system.
• One study showed lower immunesystem functioning during more
stressful periods.
• Another study showed that training
in coping skills improved the
functioning of the immune system.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Analyze
How does the immune system protect
people against disease?
Answer: by producing white blood cells that
destroy disease-causing microorganisms
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Section 3 at a Glance
Psychological Factors and Health
• Both biological and psychological factors play important
roles in health problems.
• Headaches are among the most common stress-related
health problems.
• People can make behavioral changes to help reduce the
risks of heart disease.
• People with cancer must cope with the biological aspects
of their illness as well as with its psychological effects.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Psychological Factors and Health
Main Idea
Both biological and psychological factors play an important role in
medical problems, including headaches, heart disease, and cancer.
Reading Focus
• How do biological and psychological factors affect health?
• What are the most common types of headaches?
• What factors contribute to heart disease?
• How is cancer linked to stress?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Can you see my pain?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Biological and Psychological Factors
• Biological factors such as family history of a disease, exposure to
disease-causing microorganisms, inoculations against certain
diseases, accidents, injuries, and age play an important role in
physical illness.
• Psychological factors also affect health problems.
– Attitudes
– Patterns of behavior
– Anxiety
– Depression
• Health psychology: concerned with the relationship between
psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical
illness.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Analyze
How can a bad family medical history be a
positive opportunity?
Answer: A bad family medical history is an
opportunity to keep harmful genes from expressing
themselves.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Headaches
Among the most common stress-related health problems
Types of Headaches
Treatment
• Most frequent is muscletension: dull, steady pain on
both sides of the head
• Aspirin, acetaminophen, and
prescription drugs are used to
fight headache pain.
• Second most common is
migraine headache: sudden
onset and severe throbbing on
one side of the head
• Different medicines work in
different ways.
• Affect 10 percent of Americans
• Type A more affected
• Changing behaviors is also
helpful: progressive relaxation
and biofeedback training help to
relieve pain
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Identify Cause and Effect
How can headache pain result in a vicious
cycle?
Answer: Headaches are often caused by muscle
tension. The pain of the headache increases rather
than relaxes muscle tension.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Heart Disease
Risk Factors
Behavioral Changes
• Nearly half of U.S. deaths are
caused by heart disease. Causes
include:
• Various medical treatments exist,
but certain behavioral changes can
reduce risk:
• Family history (genetics)
• Quitting smoking
• Physical conditions
• Controlling weight
• Patterns of consumption
• Reducing hypertension
• Type A behavior
• Lowering serum cholesterol levels
• Anger and hostility
• Changing type A behavior patterns
• Job strain
• Exercising regularly
• Lack of exercise
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Summarize
What can people do to help reduce the risk
of heart disease?
Answer: quit smoking, control weight, reduce
hypertension, lower cholesterol, change type A
behavior, and exercise regularly
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Cancer
Risk Factors
• Cancer involves the rapid growth of
malignant cells.
• People may inherit a tendency to
develop certain kinds of cancer.
• Individuals whose immune systems
are weakened appear to be more
likely candidates for getting cancer.
• Certain behaviors increase risk.
Psychological Aspects
Positive Attitude
• Cancer patients must cope with
weakness, pain, and medicine sideeffects.
• One study found a significantly
higher survival rate among women
who met their cancer diagnosis with
a “fighting spirit.”
• They may face anxiety, fear,
depression, and vulnerability.
• Stress may be a risk factor.
• Social support increases the
survival rate.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Identify Supporting Details
What psychological effects might those with
cancer face?
Answer: People with cancer face anxiety
regarding treatment and the possibility of death.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Section 4 at a Glance
Ways of Coping with Stress
• Defensive coping methods as a means of handling stress
are self-defeating and usually harmful.
• Effective active coping methods for dealing with stress
include changing stressful thoughts, relaxing, and
exercising.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Ways of Coping with Stress
Main Idea
People handle stress using both defensive and active coping methods.
Defensive coping methods are often self-defeating, while active coping
methods are far more effective.
Reading Focus
• What are some defensive coping methods?
• How do active coping methods help ease stress?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Why won't Japanese
businessmen take a break?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Defensive Coping
• Defensive coping: a way to handle stress and reduce immediate
effects, but not the most desirable way. It may involve socially
unacceptable behavior. It does not eliminate the source of stress.
– Substance abuse
• People may become psychologically dependent on these substances in an
effort to decrease their awareness of stress or disguise an unpleasant
reality.
– Aggression
• Using violence to cope with stressful situations rarely, if ever, provides a
solution to the problem. May heighten the problem.
– Withdrawal
• Can be emotional or physical withdrawal.
– Defense mechanisms
• Protect ego from anxiety produced by an awareness of unacceptable ideas
or impulses. They become problematic when they are the only coping
mechanisms a person has.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Find the Main Idea
Why are defensive coping strategies not the
most desirable ways to deal with stress?
Answer: Defensive coping strategies are socially
unacceptable and self-defeating.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Active Coping
• Active coping: involves changing the environment or situation (in
socially acceptable ways) to remove stressors, or changing one’s
response to stress so that stressors are no longer harmful.
– Changing stressful thoughts
• People who have stressful thoughts can learn to recognize and change them
before becoming overwhelmed by them.
– Relaxation techniques
• A number of techniques for reducing the bodily reactions to stress:
– Meditation
– Biofeedback
– Progressive relaxation
– Exercise
• Fosters physical health, enhances people’s psychological well-being, and
helps people cope with stress.
– Breathing
• Practicing controlled breathing can reduce stress.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Reading Check
Identify Supporting Details
How can active coping methods relieve
some health problems?
Answer: Active coping methods can relieve some health
problems by reducing stress that compromises the body’s
immune system.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Current Research in Psychology
Coping with Catastrophe
Even though the tragedy of September 11, 2001, mostly affected those who lost
family and friends, people who only witnessed the attacks on television suffered
what psychologists call “second-hand stress.”
• Many people who witnessed the
terrorist attacks on television
suffered symptoms similar to posttraumatic stress disorder.
• Some scientists suggest taking a
break from the news to alleviate
symptoms; others say this is a form
of denial.
• Similar reactions occurred after
Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
• One study found that those who
donated blood or money felt less
helpless.
• Watching scenes on television can
cause the biological fight-or-flight
reaction.
• Disasters can bring a nation
together when the shared response
is to reach out and help the victims.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Thinking Critically
• How does helping disaster victims reduce second-hand
stress?
• Think of a time when you helped someone overcome
difficulties. What did you do? How did it make you feel?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Simulation: Applying What You’ve Learned
Stress and Active Coping Methods
What is the most effective way to cope with a stressful situation?
1. Introduction
2. Prepare the Simulation
• In this simulation, you will work
in a group to develop and
perform a simulation in which
you role-play a stressful
situation and effective coping
methods.
• Discuss with your group the
source of stress that you have
been assigned.
• Your teacher will assign each
group one stressful situation.
• Write the dialogue and practice
it several times.
• Assign a role to each member.
• Discuss appropriate responses
to the situation.
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Simulation (cont'd.)
3. Perform the Simulation
4. Discussion
• Speak loudly enough.
• As a class, discuss the
following:
• Act your role in a serious
manner.
• Be supportive of group
members if they falter.
• As an audience member, take
notes on:
• stressor being shown
• effectiveness of coping methods
• how you would react
• What did you think of the
performances?
• Did each represent a stressful
situation realistically?
• What were some of the effective
coping mechanisms portrayed?
• Can you use what you have
learned to deal with stress more
effectively?
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Stress and Health
Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.