Transcript ch.4

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Physical and Sexual
Development
Section 2: Personal
Development
Section 3: Social Development
Section 4: Gender Roles and
Differences
Chapter Objectives · Section 1
Physical and Sexual Development
Describe the physical development and biological
changes that all adolescents experience.
Chapter Objectives · Section 2
Personal Development
Outline the changes in patterns of reasoning,
moral thinking, and the development of one’s
identity during the transition from
childhood to adulthood.
Chapter Objectives · Section 3
Social Development
Discuss the changes that adolescents
undergo in their social relationships.
Chapter Objectives · Section 4
Gender Roles and Differences
Describe the physical and psychological
gender differences of males and females,
and discuss how beliefs about
these differences influence
behavior.
Main Idea
All adolescents experience dramatic
changes in their physical size, shape, and
capacities, as well as biological development
related to reproduction.
Vocabulary
• initiation rites
• puberty
• menarche
• spermarche
• asynchrony
Objectives
• Describe the physical changes that
characterize adolescence.
• Describe research related to the sexual
attitudes and roles of adolescents.
How would you define the word
“adolescence”?
A. Transition period between
childhood and adulthood
D. All of the above
0%
D
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
A
C. Time of preparation for adult
responsibilities
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
B. A time period of mixed
abilities and responsibilities
in which childlike behavior
changes to adultlike behavior.
Physical and Sexual Development
• Adolescence is seen in our society as a
time of preparation for entry into
adulthood.
• There are many initiation rites—
ceremonies or rituals in which an individual
is admitted to new status or accepted into
a new position—that mark this occasion.
Theories of Adolescence
• G. Stanley Hall viewed adolescence as a
time of great “storm and stress,” where the
teen is a marginal being, confused,
troubled, and highly frustrated.
• Margaret Mead found that teens in other
societies seemed to enjoy adolescence.
Theories of Adolescence (cont.)
• Many studies tend to support Mead’s
conclusion and view adolescence as a
less stressful time than previously thought.
Theories of Adolescence (cont.)
• According to Robert Havighurst, there are
challenges that a teenager must face:
– Accepting one’s physical makeup and
acquiring a masculine or feminine
gender role.
– Developing appropriate relations with
age-mates of both sexes.
– Becoming emotionally independent of
parents and other adults.
Theories of Adolescence (cont.)
– Achieving the assurance that one will
become economically independent.
– Deciding on, preparing for, and entering a
vocation.
– Developing the cognitive skills and
concepts necessary for social competence.
– Understanding and achieving socially
responsible behavior.
Theories of Adolescence (cont.)
– Preparing for marriage and family.
– Acquiring values that are harmonious and
appropriate.
Theories of Adolescence (cont.)
• The pattern of development an adolescent
displays depends on factors such as:
– The individual’s adjustment in childhood.
– The level of adjustment of his or her
parents and peers.
– The changes that occur during
adolescence.
Do you agree with the challenges
listed by Havighurst?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
Physical Development
• Puberty—sexual maturation; the end of
childhood and the point when reproduction
is first possible.
– Between 10 and 17, a girl has her first
menarche, or the first menstrual period.
– Between 12 and 13, boys experience
their first spermarche.
• This period of adolescent growth can be
awkward due to asynchrony.
Physical Development (cont.)
• Individual differences in growth greatly affect
the personality of young adolescents.
– Boys who mature more quickly tend to
have an advantage.
– Girls who mature more quickly tend to
be at a disadvantage.
Average Annual Gains
in Height
Do you agree or disagree that girls
who mature more quickly are at a
disadvantage?
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Somewhat disagree
D. Strongly disagree
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Sexual Development
• Adolescence is a time when an individual
develops attitudes about sex and
expectations about the gender role he or
she will fill.
Sexual Development (cont.)
• The questions many people ask
themselves regarding sex:
– What is the role of family, religion and
government in providing information and
guidance about sex?
– How can we solve the problem of
teenage pregnancy?
– How can we stop the spread of sexually
transmitted diseases and AIDS?
Sexual Development (cont.)
• Abstinence is the choice to avoid harmful
behaviors such as premarital sex and the use
of drugs and alcohol.
When teens choose abstinence what
are they hoping to avoid?
A. Unwanted pregnancies
B. Sexually transmitted
diseases
0%
D
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
A
D. All of the above
B
C. Loss of self-respect
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
Main Idea
The transition from childhood to adulthood
involves changes in patterns of reasoning
and moral thinking, as well as the
development of one’s identity.
Vocabulary
• rationalization
• identity crisis
• social learning theory
Objectives
• Describe the cognitive and ideological
changes that characterize adolescence.
• Outline the process by which adolescents
find a personal identity.
What do you think is the most important
change to occur during adolescence?
A. Development of a
sense of identity
and self-esteem
B. Changes in patterns
of reasoning and
moral thinking
C. Adjustments in
personality and
sexual behavior
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0% C
B
0%
C
Cognitive Development
• During adolescence, the thinking patterns
characteristic of adults emerge.
– Consideration of hypothetical questions
– Understanding of abstract principles
Cognitive Development (cont.)
• Introspection—examining one’s own
motives and thoughts—becomes possible.
• An adolescent may deal with emotional
feelings through rationalization.
Cognitive Development (cont.)
• The change in thinking pattern is usually
accompanied by changes in personality and
social interaction.
• Adolescents tend to become idealistic.
Cognitive Development (cont.)
• Some problems adolescents develop due to
immaturity and abstract thought processes:
– Finding fault with authority figures
– Argumentativeness
– Indecisiveness
– Apparent hypocrisy
– Self-consciousness
– Invulnerability
Do you agree that adolescents can
become idealistic and thus difficult?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Moral Development
• Reaching higher levels of thinking, such as
Kohlberg’s last two stages, involves the
ability to abstract.
• During the adolescent years, individuals
gain the capacity for formal operational
thinking.
• Only about 1 in 10 adolescents, however,
show higher levels of moral reasoning.
The capacity for formal operational
thinking is always a precursor for
higher levels of moral reasoning.
A. True
B. False
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Identity Development
• Erik Erikson’s view of identity crisis:
– Building an identity is a task that is
unique to adolescence.
– They must become a unique individual
with a valued sense of self in society.
Erik Erikson
Identity Development (cont.)
• Contributing factors include:
– Physiological changes
– Cognitive developments
– Awakening sexual desires
– Thinking about the past and future
– The desire to feel unique and to fit in
– The need to organize their priorities
– Role confusion
Identity Development (cont.)
• Identity forms when adolescents are
comfortable with:
– An occupation
– A set of values to believe in and live by
– Their sexual identity
Identity Development (cont.)
• James Marcia distinguished four attempts
to achieve a sense of identity:
– Identity moratorium
– Identity foreclosure
– Identity confused or diffused
– Identity achievement
Adolescent Identity
Categories
Identity Development (cont.)
• Social Learning View:
– A.C. Peterson—crisis is not the normal
state of affairs for adolescents
– Albert Bandura—social learning theory
– Margaret Mead—human development is a
continuous process as opposed to radical
changes at certain points in life
How many different ways are there to
identity development?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
Adolescents undergo many changes in
their social relationships, adjusting to
new relationships with parents and the
influence of peers.
Vocabulary
• clique
• conformity
• anorexia nervosa
• bulimia nervosa
Objectives
• Describe the role of family and peers
during adolescence.
• Discuss difficulties that some adolescents
encounter.
Of the following, which group has a
greater role in shaping your identity
as an adolescent?
A. Family
B. Peers
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
The Role of the Family
• One of the principal developmental tasks
for adolescents is becoming independent
of their families.
– Some parents don’t want the child to
leave.
– The adolescent might also worry about
whether or not he or she will succeed.
Do you feel that your parents will
cope well when you leave home?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Role of Peers
• Many teenagers belong to peer groups or
cliques.
• These are usually determined by social
class lines, looks, personality, and athletic
ability.
The Role of Peers (cont.)
• Functions or peer groups:
– They fulfill the need for closeness with
others.
– They give the adolescent a way of
establishing an identity.
The Role of Peers (cont.)
• Drawbacks of peer groups:
– They can create a fear of being disliked.
– They encourage conformity.
The Role of Peers (cont.)
• Teenagers tend to share the same views
as their parents on marriage, religion, and
educational plans.
• Adolescents tend to choose friends with
values close to those of their parents.
Do you feel that parents, peer groups,
or both shape an adolescent’s view of
the world?
A. Parents
B. Peers
C
A
0%
B
C. Both
A. A
B. B
0%
C. C0%
Difficulties During Adolescence
• Mental illness and suicide are relatively
rare among adolescents, but the rates
have been high at times.
• Feeling invulnerable may lead adolescents
to do things with their peers that they
would not do alone.
Difficulties During Adolescence (cont.)
• Juveniles were involved in 15% of all
violent crime arrests and 29% of all
property crime arrests in 2003.
• Teenage depression is fairly widespread.
Juvenile Arrests in the
United States
Difficulties During Adolescence (cont.)
• Causes of teenage depression:
– The loss of a loved one.
– Breakdown of the family unit.
Difficulties During Adolescence (cont.)
• Depressed teenagers usually show their
feelings through anger and rebellion as
opposed to sadness.
• Communicating with someone you think
may be depressed is key.
Difficulties During Adolescence (cont.)
• Many teenagers and young adults are
affected by eating disorders such as:
– Anorexia nervosa
– Bulimia nervosa
• This may result from a feeling of alienation
or a need for approval from others.
Do you feel that most teenagers are
healthy or that most struggle with
some sort of problem?
A. Healthy
B. Problem
C. Neither
D. Not sure
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
Females and males have physical and
psychological gender differences. Our beliefs
about what we think it means to be male or
female influence our behavior.
Vocabulary
• gender identity
• gender role
• gender stereotype
• androgynous
• gender schema
Objectives
• Explain the difference between gender
identity and gender role.
• Describe gender differences in personality
and cognitive abilities.
Do you feel that we are taught to act
as masculine or feminine during our
first few years of life?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0%
C. C
B
0%
C
Gender Roles
• Gender identity—the sex group
(masculine or feminine) to which an
individual biologically belongs.
• Gender role—the set of behaviors that
society considers appropriate for each sex.
Gender Roles (cont.)
• Gender roles vary depending on the
society and can change over time within
that society.
• Gender stereotype—an oversimplified or
distorted generalization about the
characteristics of men and women.
Gender Roles (cont.)
• Psychologist Sandra Bern believes that
people should accept new androgynous
roles.
Do you view yourself as masculine,
feminine, or androgynous?
A. Masculine
B. Feminine
C
A
0%
A. A
B. B
0%
0%
C. C
B
C. Androgynous
Gender Differences
• Differences between male and female
personalities include:
– Males are more confident than females,
especially in academic areas or in tasks
stereotyped as masculine.
– Females are more verbally aggressive,
while males are more physically
aggressive.
Gender Differences (cont.)
– Men are actually more talkative and
interrupt women more while they are
talking.
– Women talk more when they have the
power in a relationship.
– Women use more hedges, disclaimers, and
tag questions.
– Nonverbally, women show submission and
warmth, while men display more
dominance and status.
Gender Differences (cont.)
• There are very few cognitive gender
differences between males and females.
Do you agree with following statement:
Women are more likely to solve a
problem peacefully.
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
0%
D
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
A
D. Strongly disagree
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
C. Somewhat disagree
Origins of Gender Differences
• Most psychologists agree that nature and
nurture interact to influence gender
differences.
• Biological Theory
– Based on the role of anatomy, hormones,
and brain organization.
– Differences in gender are the result of
behaviors that evolved from early men and
women in order to survive.
Origins of Gender Differences (cont.)
• Psychoanalytical Theory
– A child identifies with a parent of the
same sex, and gender identity results.
Origins of Gender Differences (cont.)
• Social Learning Theory
– Emphasizes the role of social and
cognitive processes on how we
perceive, organize, and use information.
– Children learn their gender roles by
observing and imitating models.
Origins of Gender Differences (cont.)
• Cognitive-Developmental Theory
– Children acquire gender roles by
interacting with their environment and
thinking about those experiences.
– A child must first see himself or herself
as male or female, and then begin to
organize behavior around this concept.
– Gender schema
Test Yourself
In relation to gender differences,
which theory do you most agree
with?
A. Biological
B. Psychoanalytical
0%
D
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
A
D. Cognitive-Developmental
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
C. Social Learning
Changing Gender Roles
• The roles of men and women are
changing, but many inequalities still exist.
– Women do not advance as quickly as
men.
– Women occupy lower levels of
leadership positions.
Changing Gender Roles (cont.)
• Reasons:
– Companies may discriminate—many
women interrupt their career to have
children.
– Men and women have different levels of
ambition due to societal teachings.
Why do you think inequality still exists in
the workplace?
A. Companies discriminate
against women
B. Many women interrupt
their careers for child care
0%
0%
D
0%
A
B
C
D
C
0%
A
D. Women may have been
taught by society to set
different goals
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
C. Difference in ambition
Average Annual Gains in
Height
Hormones controlled by the
endocrine system can cause
dramatic growth spurts; a boy may
experience a yearly increase of 4–6
inches (10–15 cm), while a girl may
increase 3–5 inches (8–13 cm) in
height.
Adolescent Identity Categories
Progress in the search for one’s identity can be divided into four categories.
Juvenile Arrests in the United States
Juvenile arrests for both violent crime and property crime decreased over the
past decade.
Test Yourself
When it comes to spatial abilities, some argue that women are better than men at
tracking objects and that men are better at forming “mental maps.” In these tests, most
men would find Test A easier, while most women find Test B easier.
Answer: Figures 1 and 3 are the same as the figure on the left.
Test Yourself
Test Yourself
Erik Erikson
1902–1994
“Healthy children will
not fear life if their
elders have integrity
enough not to fear
death.”
Chapter Concepts
Transparencies
Average Height From Childhood
Through Adolescence
Eating Disorders
Select a transparency to view.
initiation rites: ceremonies or rituals in
which an individual is admitted to new
status or accepted into a new position
puberty: sexual maturation; the end of
childhood and the point when
reproduction is first possible
menarche: the first menstrual period
spermarche: period during which males
achieve first ejaculation
asynchrony: the condition during
adolescence in which the growth or
maturation of bodily parts is uneven
rationalization: a process where by an
individual seeks to explain an often
unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way
that will preserve his or her self-esteem
identity crisis: a period of inner conflict
during which adolescents worry intensely
about who they are
social learning theory: Bandura’s view
of human development; emphasizes
interaction
clique: a small, exclusive group of
people within a larger group
conformity: acting in accordance with
some specified authority
anorexia nervosa: a serious eating
disorder characterized by a fear of
gaining weight that results in prolonged
self-starvation and dramatic weight loss
bulimia nervosa: a serious eating
disorder characterized by compulsive
overeating usually followed by selfinduced vomiting or abuse of laxatives
gender identity: the sex group
(masculine or feminine) to which an
individual biologically belongs
gender role: the set of behaviors that
society considers appropriate for each
sex
gender stereotype: an oversimplified or
distorted generalization about the
characteristics of men and women
androgynous: combining or blending
traditionally male and female
characteristics
gender schema: a set of behaviors
organized around how either a male or
female should think and behave
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