Transcript TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN LINGKUNGAN

MK. PENGELOLAAN SDALH
TEKNOLOGI
PENGELOLAAN PENGENDALIAN
LINGKUNGAN
Smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2013
RUANG LINGKUP
 Beberapa teknologi lingkungan yang penting mencakup
beberapa isu berikut:
- Limbah
- Polusi Udara
- Air Limbah
- Tanah
- Kebisingan
- Pemantauan
• Module covers environmental technologies suitable for small and
medium enterprises, public agencies and environmental
organizations, taking into account investment costs and knowhow. Expensive or high-developed technologies might have not
been presented in the module then.
PENGELOLAAN
LIMBAH
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
Pengelolaan limbah merupakan salah satu masalah
lingkungan yang paling penting di dunia. Ada beragam
teknologi yang berbeda-beda untuk mengelola limbah
yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas manusia.
Best option to combat the wastes accumulation
problems, is always the reduce of generation
wastes, then the reuse of wastes, and finally the
recycling of wastes. Sometimes is necessary the
treatment and disposal of wastes.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
IDENTIFIKASI & KLASIFIKASI
1. Limbah diidentifikasi dan diklasifikasikan menurut
Directive 2000/532/CE, terkait dengan sumber limbah.
2. Organization of the waste list is set by codes,
giving a two-digit code to type of industry or
industrial processes that generate waste.
3. A four-digit code is associated to subindustrial
sectors or subprocesses from waste is generated.
4. Setiap tipe limbah mempunyai kode enam digit
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
TEKNNIK-TEKNIK
Tiga macam teknik-teknik mengelola limbah:
1. Teknologi mengurangi volume (mechanical,
physical and chemical)
2. Treatment and disposal of wastes technologies
(biodegradation, solidification, stabilization,..)
3. Pembuangan akhir limbah
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
Teknologi mengurangi volume
• Concentrating methods as vacuum filtration,
rotatory drum pre coat-filter, pressure filtration,
centrifuge dewatering thickeners.
• Size reduction methods, as hammer mills,
shredding machines, crushers, pulverisers and
hoggers.
Teknologi pengolahan dan pembuangan limbah
• Recycling wastes is the most effective technology
to prevent the environmental problems.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
Teknik-teknik
• Physical methods of waste treatment as primary treatment,
polishing, secondary treatment, disposal resource recovery
and discharge recycle.
• Chemical treatment as: acid / base neutralization,chemical
precipitation, electrolysis, hydrolysis, chemical extraction
and leaching, ion exchange
• Photolytic reactions as a technique to transform hazardous
wastes in arid wastes with free photons of ultraviolet
radiation.
• Metode-metode pengolahan termal diterapkan pada
sistem insinerasi (pembakaran) seperti insinerasi rotaryklin, injeksi cairan, insinerator fixed-hearth, dan
insinerator fluidized bed.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
• Biodegradasi limbah sebagai proses untuk
mengkonversi limbah dengan proses biologis dari
limbah organik menjadi limbah anorganik. Prosesproses ini meliputi biodegradabilitas, pengolahan
aerobik dan pengolahan anaerobik.
• Land treatment and composting. Land treatment is
the technique to modify the characteristics of soil to
treat the wastes inside this. And composting is the
technique to biodegrade the wastes introducing the
wastes inside the soil, keeping act the natural
reactions of the same soil.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
Pembuangan akhir limbah
• Penimbunan (landfill) sebagai teknik yang membuang
limbah ke lahan; teknik lainnya adalah: penimbunan di
atas tanah, penampungan limbah cair di permukaan
tanah, dan pembuangan limbah cair dalam sumurdalam.
• Incineration as a ultimate disposal of wastes when
the ash of this incineration result arid wastes.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
TIPE-TIPE LIMBAH
Ttpe limbah dibagi menjadi:
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Municipal wastes
Medical wastes
Hazardous wastes
Limbah-limbah industri.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
LIMBAH DOMESTIK
• Determining waste generation. The most
commonly used method is the estimating the
waste quantity is to weight the waste requiring
disposal. The second ,method is to determine the
volume of waste which is being generated and use
known density factors to convert this into the
associated weight. And the third method is to
determine the population of the area and then
multiply this by typical waste generation factors.
• Reuse reduce and recycling these three methods
are the most important methods in strategic plans
of waste management for municipalities.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
TYPES OF WASTES
• Combustion is one of the most used technology to
eliminate waste. Can comprise at same time, different
types of incineration systems.
• And finally landfilling is the historical method to treat the
wastes, but many countries have not sufficient land to keep
on involving.
Medical Waste
• Packaging and storage, is an important factor of this kind
of waste, for the condition of infectious waste.
• Treatment and disposal of infectious waste with processes
as thermal, melting, shredding, grinding, tearing or
breaking.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
TYPES OF WASTES
• Incineration, hospital waste incineration involves the
application of combustion processes under controlled
conditions to convert wastes infectious and pathological
material to inert mineral residues and gases. The
incineration systems are the same than other type of
wastes.
• Microwaving, chemical disinfections processes,
irradiation processes and plasma systems are other kind
of techniques to treat the medical wastes.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
TYPES OF WASTES
Hazardous waste treatment
• Physical methods as: separation, filtration, transition,
distillation, evaporation, precipitation, transfer,
extraction, sorption, membrane separations, reverse
osmosis, hyper-and ultra filtration.
• Chemical treatments as chemical precipitation, oxidation
/ reduction Ion exchange, acid / base neutralization and
chemical extraction and leaching reduction.
• Thermal methods as incineration, the same systems than
before.
• And biodegradability as a technique to convert the
hazardous wastes into a nonhazardous wastes.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
TYPES OF WASTES
Industrial wastes
• The methods and techniques to manage the
industrial wastes are the same methods and
techniques that describe the rest of chapters.
• Reduce, reuse and recycling
• Reduction methods
• Treatment methods
• Incineration systems
• Landfilling
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
SELECTING TECHNOLOGY
• Options for treatment techniques for the various types
of waste, types treatment equipment, treatment sites
and various waste handling practices all need to be
carefully evaluated.
• The selection of available options at a facility depends
upon a number of factors such as the nature of the
waste, the quantity of waste generated, the availability
of equipment for treatment on site and of site, regulation
constraints, and cost considerations.
• We recommend the opinion of environment engineers
experts to decide which technique apply in any case.
PENGENDALIAN
POLUSI UDARA
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
LATAR BELAKANG
• Controlling the emission of pollutants from industrial and
domestic sources is important in protecting the quality of
air. Air pollutants can exist in the form of particulate matter
or as gases.
• Air cleaning devices have been reducing pollutant
emissions from various sources for many years.
• Originally, air cleaning equipment was used only if the
contaminant was highly toxic or had some recovery value.
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
PERALATAN
Equipment used to control particulate emissions are:
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Gravity settlers (often referred to as settling chambers)
Mechanical collectors (cyclones)
Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)
Scrubbers
Fabric filters
Hybrid systems
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
PERALATAN
Gravity settlers (often referred to as settling chambers)
• Gravity settlers, or gravity settling chambers, are used industrially
for the removal of solid and liquid waste materials from gaseous
streams.
• Advantages accounting for their use are simple construction, low
initial cost and maintenance, low pressure losses, and simple
disposal of waste materials.
Mechanical collectors (cyclones)
• Centrifugal separators, commonly referred to as cyclones, are
widely used in industry for the removal of solid and liquid particles
(or particulates) from gas streams.
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
PERALATAN
Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)
• They are satisfactory devices for removing small particles from
moving gas streams at high collection efficiencies. They have
been used almost universally in power plants for removing fly
ash from the gases prior to discharge.
• Two major types of high-voltage ESP configurations currently
used are tubular and plate. Tubular precipitators consist of
cylindrical collection tubes with discharge electrodes located
on the axis of the cylinder. Vast majority of ESPs installed are
of the plate type.
• Collected particles are usually removed by rapping.
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
PERALATAN
Scrubbers (venturi scrubbers)
• Wet scrubbing involves the technique of bringing a
contaminated gas stream into intimate contact with a
liquid.
• Wet scrubbers include all the various types of gas
absorption equipment.
• The term "scrubber" will be restricted to those systems
which utilize a liquid, usually water, to achieve or assist in
the removal of particulate matter from a carrier gas
stream.
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
PERALATAN
Fabric filters (bag houses)
• Filtration process may be conducted in many different types of fabric
filters.Differences may be related to:
– Type of fabric
– Cleaning mechanism
– Equipment
– Mode of operation
• Gases to be cleaned can be either "pushed" or "pulled" through the
bag house.
• In the pressure system (push through) the gases may enter through
the cleanout, hopper in the bottom or through the top of the bags.
• In the suction type (pull through) the dirty gases are usually forced
through the inside of the bag and exit through the outside.
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
PERALATAN
• Hybrid systems are defined as those types of control devices that
involve combinations of control mechanisms-for example, fabric
filtration combined with electrostatic precipitation.
• Four of the major hybrid systems found in practice today include:
– Wet electrostatic precipitators,
– Ionizing wet scrubbers,
– Dry scrubbers, and
– Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration.
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
• Applicability of a given technique depends on the physical
and chemical properties of the pollutant and the exhaust
stream.
• More than one technique may be capable of controlling
emissions from a given source
• Techniques used to control gaseous emissions are:
Absorption
Adsorption
Combustion
Condensation
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
Absorption = PENJERAPAN
• Mass transfer operation in which a gas is dissolved in a liquid.
• A contaminant (pollutant exhaust stream) contacts a liquid, and the
contaminant diffuses from the gas phase into the liquid phase.
• The liquid most often used for absorption is water.
• Reagents can be added to the absorbing water to increase the
removal efficiency of the system. Gas absorbers or wet scrubbers
are designed to provide good mixing of the gas and liquid phases.
• The devices used for gas absorption are often the same as those
used in particulate emission scrubbing.
• These include packed towers, plate towers, spray columns, and
venturi scrubbers.
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
Adsorption = PENJERAPAN
• Mass transfer process that involves removing a gaseous
contaminant by adhering it to the surface of a solid.
• It can be classified as physical or chemical. In physical
adsorption, a gas molecule adheres to the surface of the solid
due to an imbalance of natural forces (electron distribution).
• In chemisorption, once the gas molecule adheres to the surface,
it reacts chemically with it.
• The major distinction is that physical adsorption is readily
reversible whereas chemisorption is not.
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
PEMBAKARAN
• Combustion is defined as rapid, high-temperature gas-phase
oxidation.
• Simply, the contaminant (a carbon-hydrogen substance) is
burned with air and converted to carbon dioxide and water
vapor.
• The operation of any combustion source is governed by the
three T's of combustion; temperature, turbulence, and time.
• Combustion devices can be categorized as flares, thermal
incinerators, or catalytic incinerators
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
Kondensasi
• Process in which the volatile gases are removed from the
contaminant stream and changed into a liquid.
• It is usually achieved by reducing the temperature of a vapor
mixture until the partial pressure of the condensable
component equals its vapor pressure.
• Requires low temperatures to liquefy most pure contaminant
vapors.
• It is affected by the composition of the contaminant gas
stream.
• Condensers are normally used in combination with primary
control devices.
• Condensers can be located upstream of (before) an
incinerator, adsorber, or absorber.
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
FAKTOR-FAKTOR
There are a number
of factors to be
considered prior to
selecting a
particular piece of
air pollution control
hardware.
Economic
Environ
mental
Engineering
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
FAKTOR-FAKTOR
Faktor-faktor Lingkungan
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Equipment location
Available space
Ambient conditions
Availability of adequate utilities (i.e., power, water, etc.) and
ancillary system facilities (i.e., waste treatment and disposal, etc.)
Maximum allowable emissions (air regulations)
Aesthetic considerations
Contribution of air pollution control system to wastewater and
solid waste
Contribution of air pollution control system to plant noise levels
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
FAKTOR-FAKTOR
Ekonomi
• Capital cost (equipment, installation, engineering,
etc.)
• Operating cost (utilities, maintenance, etc.)
• Expected equipment lifetime and salvage value
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
FAkTOR-FAKTOR
Engineering = KETEKNIKAN
• Contaminant characteristics (i.e., physical and chemical
properties, concentration, particulate shape and size)
• Gas stream characteristics (i.e., volume flow rate,
temperature, pressure, humidity, composition, viscosity,
density, reactivity, combustibility, corrosivity, toxicity, etc.)
• Design and performance characteristics of the particular
control system(i.e., size and weight, fractional efficiency
curves, etc)
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
MEMILIH TEKNOLOGI
• Final choice in equipment selection is usually dictated by that
equipment capable of achieving compliance with regulatory
codes at the lowest uniform annual cost (amortized capital
investment plus operation and maintenance costs).
• In order to compare specific control equipment alternatives,
knowledge of the particular application and site is essentials.
• A preliminary screening, however, may be performed by
reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of each type of air
pollution control equipment.
PENGENDALIAN
AIR LIMBAH
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
BACKGROUND
• Basic objective of the field of water quality engineering
is the determination of the environmental controls that
must be instituted to achieve a specific environmental
quality objective
• Role of the water quality engineer and scientist is to
analyze water quality problems by dividing the problem
into its principal components:
– Inputs - discharge of residue into the environment from man' s and
nature's activities.
– Reactions and physical transport - chemical and biological
transformations and water movement that result in different levels
of water quality at different locations in time in the aquatic
ecosystem.
– Output - the resulting concentration of a substance, at a particular
location in the water body during a particular time of the year or
day
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
BACKGROUND
• There are several points at which the water quality in a
system can be controlled.
• The initial concentration at the outfall can be controlled
by:
– Reducing the effluent concentration of the waste input
– Reducing the upstream concentration and effluent volume
– Increasing the upstream flow by low flow augmentation
• The choice of the mix of the above controls involves
issues of:
– The costs of the controls - Iocally, regionally, and
nationally.
– The expected benefits of water quality in water use.
– The technological bounds (e.g., available storage for low
flow augmentation) on the controls.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRINCIPLES
• If untreated wastewater is allowed to
accumulate, the decomposition of the
organic materials it contains can lead to the
production of offensive odors and gases.
• Untreated wastewater contains numerous
pathogenic microorganisms, released from
the human intestinal system.
• It contains nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic life, and it may also
contain toxic compounds.
• Immediate removal from its sources,
followed by treatment and disposal are the
priorities when managing wastewater.
Removal
Treatment
Disposal
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
• Purpose of any ww treatment plant is to convert the
components in raw wastewater, with its inherent
characteristics, into a relatively harmless final effluent
for discharge to a receiving body of water and to safely
dispose of the solids (sludge) produced in the process.
• Wastewater treatment plant must satisfy these
conditions :
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requirements for aesthetics and minimization of obnoxious odors at
treatment and disposal
to prevent contamination of water supplies from physical, chemical, and
biological agents;
to prevent destruction of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic life;
to protect against the spread of disease from crops grown on sewage
irrigation or sludge disposal;
to encourage other beneficial uses of effluent.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
• Wastewater treatment plants utilize a number of
individual or unit operations and processes to achieve
the desired degree of treatment.
• Collective treatment schematic is called a flow scheme,
a flow diagram, a flow sheet, a process train, or a flow
schematic.
• Unit operations and processes are grouped together to
provide what is known as primary, secondary, and
tertiary (or advanced) treatment.
Primary
(Physical)
Secondary
(Chemical)
Tertiary
(Biological)
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN PRIMER
• Treatment methods in which the application of physical forces
predominate are known as physical unit operations.
• These were the first methods to be used for wastewater treatment.
• Screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, and
filtration are typical unit operations for primary treatment
processes.
Primary
Treatment
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN PRIMER
Klarifikasi (Sedimentasi)
• Process of separating the settleable solids from the liquid
• Some treatment systems employing two or more stages of
treatment and clarification, the terms primary, secondary, and final
clarification are used.
• The actual physical sizing of the clarifier (depth, surface area, inlet
structure, etc.) is highly dependent upon the quantity and
composition of the flow.
• Clarification units can be either circular or rectangular and are
normally designed to operate on a continuous flow-through basis:
– circular units are generally called clarifiers,
– whereas rectangular units are commonly referred to as
sedimentation tanks.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN PRIMER
Flotation
• Separates these particles by their density by the introduction of air
into the system.
• Fine bubbles adhere to, or are absorbed by, the solids, which are
then lifted to the surface.
• Flotation separator tanks can be either rectangular or circular in
shape and constructed of either concrete or steel
• It is an appropriate technology for treating suspended solids and
oil and grease in industrial waters. Process will achieve 40-65%
suspended solids removal and 60% of oil and grease removal.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN PRIMER
Pemisahan Minyak-Air
• In practically all manufacturing industries, oil and grease can be
found in a plant's wastewater
• The configuration of the separator is that of a flow-through tank.
The basic principle by which oil-water separators work is the
differential between the specific gravities of water and the oils to
be removed.
• Major advantage of oil-water separators is their ability to treat
wastewater which is heavily laden with oil compounds.
• They represent a very simple treatment operation which
minimizes personnel requirements; its operating costs are
minimized.
• It results in a more "pure" oil which can make recycling
much easier.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN SEKUNDER
• Treatment methods in which the removal or conversion of
contaminants is brought about by the addition of chemicals or
by other chemical reactions are known as chemical unit
processes.
• Precipitation, gas transfer, adsorption, and disinfections are
the most common examples used in secondary wastewater
treatment.
Secondary
Treatment
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN SEKUNDER
Koagulasi - Presipitasi
• Involves two discrete steps.
• Rapid mixing is employed to ensure that the
chemicals are thoroughly dispersed
• Next, the wastewater undergoes flocculation which
provides for particle contact, so that the particles
can agglomerate to a size large enough for
removal.
• Finally precipitation occurs, that is really the same
as settling.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHGAN SEKUNDER
• Coagulation-precipitation is capable of removing from
industrial wastewater pollutants such as BOD, COD, and
TSS. It can remove additional pollutants such as
phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, and metals. This
technology is attractive to industry because a high degree of
classification and toxic pollutants removal can be combined
in one treatment process.
NETRALISASI
• Involves adding an acid or a base to a wastewater to offset
or neutralize the effects of its counterpart in the wastewater
flow, namely, adding acids to alkaline wastewaters and bases
to acidic wastewaters.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
SECONDARY TREATMENT
• The most important considerations in neutralization
treatment are the wastewater constituents so that the
proper neutralizing chemicals are used, and proper
monitoring to ensure that the required quantities of
these chemicals are used and that the effluent is in fact
neutralized.
• For acid waste streams, lime, soda ash, and caustic
soda are the most common base chemicals used
• In alkaline waste streams, sulfuric, hydrochloric, and
nitric acid are generally used for neutralization
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
Tertiary
Treatment
PENGOLAHAN TERSIER
• Treatment methods in which the removal of contaminants is
brought about by biological activity are known as biological unit
processes.
• Biological treatment is used primarily to remove the biodegradable
organic substances (colloidal or dissolved) in wastewater.
• Basically these substances are converted into gases that can
escape to the atmosphere or into biological cell tissue that can be
removed by settling.
• Designed to remove those constituents that are not adequately
removed in the secondary treatment plants, such as N, P, and other
soluble organic and inorganic compounds.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN TERSIER
• Many of these constituents must be removed to meet stringent
water quality standards and to allow reuse of the effluent for
municipal, industrial, irrigation, recreation, and other water
needs.
• The most commonly used advanced wastewater treatment
processes are among other:
– Chemical precipitation of phosphorus,
– Nitrification and Denitrification,
– Ammonia stripping,
– Breakpoint chlorination,
– Filtration,
– Carbon adsorption,
– Ion exchange
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN TERSIER
Aerobic Suspended Growth Processes
(Activated Sludge)
• Process in which the biological growth products
(microorganisms) are kept in suspension in a liquid medium
consisting of entrapped and suspended colloidal and
dissolved organic and inorganic materials.
• It uses metabolic reactions of the microorganisms to attain
an acceptable effluent quality by removing these substances
exerting an oxygen demand.
• In the suspended growth processes, wastewater enters a
reactor
basin,
concretesteel-earthen
tank(s)
where
microorganisms are brought into contact with the organic
components of the wastewater by some type of mixing
device.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN TERSIER
Aerobic Lagoons (Stabilization Ponds)
• Large, shallow earthen basins that are used for wastewater
treatment by utilizing natural processes involving both algae
and bacteria. The objective is microbial conversion of
organic wastes into algae. Aerobic conditions prevail
throughout the process.
• In aerobic photosynthesis, the oxygen produced by the algae
through the process of photosynthesis is used by the
bacteria in the biochemical oxidation and degradation of
organic waste. Carbon dioxide, ammonia, phosphate, and
other nutrients released in the biochemical oxidation
reactions are, in turn, used by the algae, forming a cyclicsymbiotic relationship.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN TERSIER
• Aerobic lagoons are used for treatment of weak industrial
wastewater containing negligible amounts of toxic and for
non-biodegradable substances.
Anaerobic Lagoon
• Earthen ponds built with a small surface area and a deep
liquid depth of 3-7 m. They are anaerobic throughout their
depth, except for an extremely shallow surface zone.
• Raw wastewater enters near the bottom of the lagoon (often
at the center) and mixes with the active microbial mass in
the sludge blanket.
PENGENDALIAN AIR LIMBAH
PENGOLAHAN TERSIER
• Discharge is located near one of the sides and submerged
below the liquid surface. Excess undigested grease floats to
the top. Excess sludge is washed out with the effluent.
• Anaerobic lagoons are effective prior to aerobic treatment of
high-strength organic wastewater that also contains a high
concentration of solids. BOD removal efficiencies of up to
85% are possible.
PENGENDALIAN
PENCEMARAN
TANAH
PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN TANAH
LATAR BELAKANG
• Contaminated soils is one of the environmental problems
historically ignored by humans. Lately, its relation with
human health’ safety and ecological impacts was
discovered.
• Most widely used techniques applied to polluted soils are
removal and placement in a more secure landfill
environment.
PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN TANAH
LATAR BELAKANG
• Although this simply moves contaminated soil
from one place to another, it can be of significant
benefit due to improvements in landfill design.
• Often early landfills were sited in wetlands or
adjacent to rivers and encouraged contaminant
migration and ultimately exposure to at-risk
populations.
PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN TANAH
LATAR BELAKANG
• Wastes could be stabilised after removal and before or during
placement to further reduce mobility after placement.
• Stabilisation might include solidification with concrete or a
similar material or direct chemical treatment of certain
contaminants.
• Incineration or thermal treatment of the contaminated soil
could be used to eliminate organic contaminants susceptible
to destruction or removal by these means.
PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN TANAH
LATAR BELAKANG
• A variety of other processes have been employed to treat
contaminated soils once excavated and removed from a site.
Included among these are biological degradation in dedicated
bioreactors and sophisticated extraction schemes, for example,
supercritical extraction, followed by the application of destruction
processes to the effluent.
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An alternative to removal options of remediating soil is the use of
in situ means that do not require soil removal. These are generally
the options of choice if they can be demonstrated effective at
reducing the volume, toxicity, or exposure to the wastes.
PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN TANAH
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
Prinsip Dekontaminasi Tanah:
• Removal options for soil remediation
• In situ soil remediation processes
PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN TANAH
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
Removal options for soil remediation
• These techniques are techniques that consists in to
take the contaminated soil and apply a method to
decontaminate. This techniques are: Incineration,
landfilling, stabilization and solidification, and ex
situ bioremediation.
• The methods are the same that are defined in the
waste manager chapter.
PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN TANAH
Teknik-teknik
Proses Remediasi Tanah in-situ
• These techniques consist in treat the soil in the same land
or place where is contaminated. The techniques or
methods are: Pump and treat extraction of contaminated
groundwater, enhancement of pump and treat processes,
vacuum extraction in the unsaturated zone and in situ
bioremediation of soils.
• Pump and treat extraction of contaminated groundwater is
the technique that remove the contaminated groundwater
or separate contaminated phases via withdrawal wells for
above-ground treatment.
PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN TANAH
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
• Enhancement of pump and treat processes are
methods of remediation of soils. These methods
are of limited usefulness when significant
quantities of NAPLs exist.
• Due to the low solubility of most soil contaminants,
large volumes of water are required to remove
contaminants present in a separate phase even if it
were possible to maintain the water at saturation.
PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN TANAH
TEKNNIK-TEKNIK
• Vacuum extraction in the unsaturated zone is a
process that is similar conceptually to pump and
treat of groundwater is soil vacuum extraction (SVE)
in the water-unsaturated zone.
• A vacuum is applied to the unsaturated zone by
placing a vacuum pump on a well screened in the
unsaturated zone. This pulls vapours through the
soil, removing any volatile components that have
volatilised in the subsurface
PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN TANAH
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
• In situ bioremediation of soils is perhaps the most
desirable of all treatment processes is in situ
biodegradation to render the soil harmless and to
naturally recycle the contaminants.
• There are a number of compounds that undergo
detoxification by microbial processes at rates that
are sufficient to justify natural recovery of
contaminated soils.
PENGENDALIAN
KEBISINGAN
PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
LATAR BELAKANG
• Noise pollution is traditionally not placed among the top
environmental problems facing the society; however, it is one
of the more frequently encountered sources
• Sources of noise pollution are extremely diverse and are
constantly increasing as more and more noise-generating
products become available to consumers.
• An estimated 6% citizens are exposed to noise that poses a
threat to their hearing.
• In today's mechanized world it is virtually impossible for an
active person to avoid exposure to potentially harmful sound
levels.
PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
• General control measures include alteration of
machines and equipment to gather up-dated
machinery regarding noise prevention.
• Noise can be tackled through:
Reduction
at source
Change to quieter
methods
Prevention or
reduction of propagation
PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
Reduction
at source
KONTROL KEBISINGAN
• It is often possible to reduce noise radiation from
production equipment, material handling, and work in
progress; for example by damping sound radiating panels,
quietening power sources and transmissions, and reducing
noise from compressed air exhausts.
• Sometimes machine alterations or enclosures do not give
sufficiently good results, and if it is the work process itself
which causes intense noise it can be difficult to predict the
results of noise control measures.
• In such cases effort might be better aimed at changing the
working methods and processes themselves.
PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
Change to quieter
methods
KONTROL BISING
• Changing the method of work is the only way to get to grips with
noise generation; it requires that production equipment or part
of it must be replaced and one must be aware of the availability
of less noisy equipment for both production and material
handling.
• Requires cooperation between the buyer, supplier, designer, and
safety organization.
PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
Prevention or
reduction of propagation
KONTROL BISING
• Prevent propagation to avoid noise pollution can result
economically more efficient than corrective measures.
• The noise in a workshop is often dominated by a relatively small
number of intense noise sources.Try to enclose all noise sources
points or keep them away from workers in the same room.
• By setting up sound absorbing ceiling and wall panels, noise
levels within the room far from the noise sources can be
reduced.
• Alteration and replacement of production equipment may mean
that personnel monitoring this machinery do not need to be in its
vicinity if monitoring can be carried out in a sound insulated
control room.
PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
ARAHAN KEBISINGAN
• For all noise control efforts a target noise level must be
set.
• A highest level must
Type of room
Highes sound level
be defined for each
guideline (dB)
place of equipment or room
Conference room
35
Arahan tingkat kebisingan untuk
Lokasi –lokasi tertentu
Office
40
Workshop office, rest room
45
Laboratory, measurement
room
50
Canteen
50
Changing room
55
Repair shop
60
Production areas
75
Fan room, compressor
room
90
PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
TIP-TIP KONTROL BISING
• Machinery have to be adapted to new normative, relevant materials
of the machines are key to ensure appropriate noise levels.
• Existing equipment must be attenuated without complicated
operations.
• Handling material can be done by consider choosing conveyor
belts and controlling the speed of conveyor belt transports.
• Enclosure of machines can reduce noise levels at its source very
effectively.
• Attenuation by using absorbent materials is one of the key
techniques to ensure that rooms and workshops do not
communicate noise pollution to each other. To ensure so, best
practices are providing sound isolated rooms.
PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
HASIL-HASIL KONTROL BISING
• Mounting an absorbent roof or ceiling in a room will in general
give a noise reduction of between 3 and 5 dB. Exceptionally, up to
10 dB can be obtained.
• Damping of vibration of small production machines by applying
damping material can give between 3 and 10 dB attenuation.
• Factory-made screens can reduce noise from between 5 and 15
dB.
• Leakage where pipes pass through walls as well as acoustic
leaks between walls, screens or enclosures, can produce large
variations in the attenuation achieved. It is therefore important to
seal air gaps carefully.
PEMANTAUAN
LINGKUNGAN
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
LATAR BELAKANG
• In many instances, we are unaware that a problem exists
until harm has been done. Damage may be in the form of
disease to the surrounding population or destruction of the
surrounding ecosystem. Monitoring problem areas or
potential problem areas can help to limit future damage.
• Before beginning any sampling program, background
research must be conducted to determine:
- proper equipment for both sampling and personal
protection,
- proper sampling methodology and analytical methods,
and
- appropriate health and safety practices to be employed.
This is especially important when handling materials
which may be hazardous or radioactive.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
MEMILIH METODE
Methods used to obtain data regarding contamination of soil, air, and
water , have to take into account the following factors:
1. The program objective (documenting exposures. determining
regulatory compliance
2. The type of material to be sampled (soil, vegetation, air, water,
sludge, etc.).
3. The physical and chemical properties of the contaminant.
4. Other contaminants that affect the results.
5. Regulatory requirements and safety
6. Costs
7. Reliability.
8. Scale of sample area (small-scale site related to individual
persons versus a large-scale site).
9. Persyaratan sampling jangka pendek dan jangka
panjang
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING
Several factors must be accomplished to carry on an adequate
sampling practice:
 samples must represent the conditions existing at the point
taken.
 samples must be of sufficient volume and must be taken
frequently enough to permit reproducibility of testing
requisite for the desired objective, as conditioned by the
method of analysis to be employed.
 the samples must be collected, packed, shipped, and
manipulated prior to analysis in a manner that safeguards
against change in the particular constituents or properties to
be examined.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING AIR
• Water sampling methodologies include:
- Grab sample
- Composite sample
- Continuous flowing sample
• Collection of a grab sample of water at a specific site
representing conditions only at the time of sampling. Applicable
to sampling water from sources such as wells, rivers, streams,
lakes and oceans for chemical, physical, bacteriological, or
radiological analysis
• Collection of a composite sample at a specific site, portions of
which are collected at varied time intervals. Alternatively, the
composite may consist of portions collected at various sites or
may consist of a combination of both site and time variables.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING AIR
• Continuous flowing sample, from one or more sampling
sites, suitable for on-stream analysers. Applicable to
sampling water from sources such as wells, rivers, streams,
lakes, oceans, and reservoirs on a continual basis for
chemical, physical, or radiological analyses
• Peralatan yang digunakan :
- Delivery valve or pump.
- Piping system.
- Flow regulation system
- Waste disposal system.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
PEMANTAUAN GROUNDWATER
1. It is developed by delineating contamination plumes, and
establishing the integrity of hazardous material management
facilities.
2. Goal in sampling groundwater monitoring wells is to obtain
samples that are truly representative of the aquifer or
groundwater in question.
3. Water that stands within a monitoring well for a long period of
time may become unrepresentative of formation water because
chemical or biochemical change may cause water-quality
alterations; and even if it is unchanged from the time it entered
the well, the stored water may not be representative of formation
water at the time of sampling.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING TANAH
• Two portions of the soil that are important to the environmental
scientist:
- 0-15 cm layer
- Upper meter
• The surface layer (0-15 cm) reflects the deposition of airborne
pollutants, especially those recently deposited pollutants.
Pollutants that have been deposited by liquid spills or by longterm deposition of water-soluble materials may be found at depths
ranging up to several meters. Plumes emanating from hazardous
waste dumps or from leaking storage tanks may be found at
considerable depths.
• The methods of sampling each of these are slightly different, but
all make use of one of two basic techniques.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
PERLENGKAPAN SAMPLING TANAH
• Samples can be collected with some form of core sampling
or auger device, or they may be collected by use of
excavations or trenches. In the latter case, the samples are
cut from the soil mass with spades or short punches.
• Techniques that are utilized should be closely coordinated
with the analytical laboratory in order to meet the specific
requirements of the analytical methods used.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING TANAH PERMUKAAN
• Use of a punch or thin-walled steel tube that is 15-20 cm long to
extract short cores from the soil. Tube is driven into the soil with a
wooden mallet; the core and the robe are extracted; and the soil is
pushed out of the tube into a stainless steel mixing bowl.
• Using a seamless steel ring, approximately 15-30 cm in diameter,
the ring is driven into the soil to a depth of 15-20 cm. The ring is
extracted as a soil-ring unit, and the soil is removed for analysis.
• Perhaps the most undesirable sample collection device is the
shovel or scoop. Often used in agriculture, but where samples are
being taken for chemical pollutants, the inconsistencies are to be
great.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING PERMUKAAN DANGKAL
• Sampling pollutants that have moved into the lower soil
horizons requires the use of a device that will extract a
longer core than can be obtained with the short probes or
punches.
• Three basic methods are used for sampling these deeper
soils
- Soil probes or soil augers
- Power-driven corers
- Trenching
• Samples should be collected at least every 1.5 m or in each
distinct stratum. Additional samples should be collected
where sand lenses or thin silt and sand lovers appear in the
profile.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING UDARA
• Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve the
study of a heterogeneous mass under uncontrolled
conditions. Interpretation of the data derived from the airsampling program must often be based on the statistical
theory of probability.
• Extreme care must be observed to obtain measurements
over a sufficient length of time to obtain results that may be
considered representative.
• Choice of sampling techniques and measurement
methodology, the characteristics of the sites, the number of
sampling stations, and the amount of data collected all
depend on the objectives of the monitoring program
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
TUJUAN SAMPLING UDARA
TREND
ANALYSIS
POLLUTION
ABATEMENT
PROGRAMS
ANALYSIS
AIR QUALITY
CRITERIA and
STANDARD
SETTING
AIR SAMPLING
OBJECTIVES
HEALTH and
VEGETATION
EFFECTS STUDIES
BACKGROUND
EVAUATIONS
ACTIVATION of
EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES
CONTROL
REGULATIONS
ENFORCEMENT
DEVELOPMENT of
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
STRATEGIES
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
FAKTOR SAMPLING UDARA
1. The topography, demography, and micrometeorology of the
area, as well as the contaminant measured, must be
considered in determining the number of monitoring stations
required in the area.
2. A map of the locations of the sampling stations is desirable in
describing the sampling station.
3. Multiple samplers or monitors operating simultaneously
upwind and downwind from the source are often very valuable
and efficient.
4. Pilihan prosedur sampling udara tergantung
pada kontaminan yang akan diukur.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
ARAHAN SAMPLING UDARA
1. The height of the inlet to the sampling duct should normally be
from 2.5 to 5 m above ground whenever possible.
2. Height of the inlet above the sampling station structure or
vegetation adjacent to the station should be greater than 1 m.
3. Sampling should preferably be through a vertical inlet with an
inverted cone over the opening.
4. Untuk inlet horizontal, minimum harus ada jarak 2 m dari
permukaan struktur.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
ARAHAN SAMPLING UDARA
1. For access to representative ambient air in the area sampled, the
elevation angle from the inlet to the top of nearby buildings
should be less than 30°.
2. To be representative of the area in which a large segment of the
population is exposed to contaminants emitted by automobiles,
the inlet should be at a distance greater than 15 m from the
nearest high-volume traffic artery.
3. Photochemical oxidants or ozone samplers should be located at
distances greater than 50 m from high-volume-traffic locations.
4. Alat sampling Particulate matter (PM) harus
ditempatkan di lokasi-lokasi yg berjarak lebih 200 m
dari jalan yang tidak diperkeras.
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING KEBISINGAN
1. Untuk menghindari polusi bising, sangat relevan
untuk memiliki estimasi yang tepat tingkat kebisingan
di tempat kerja melalui teknik modern dan akurat dan
alat ukurnya.
2. Kebisingan latar-belakang sangat relevan bagi pabrikpabrik yang terletak di sekitar jalan raya utama, dekat
dengan bandara.
3. Sound-level-meter paling baik digunakan melekat
pada orang yang terpapar bising.
4. Sampling Kebisingan harus mempertimbangkan
faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal tempat kerja
PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN UDARA
Bagaimana mengukur tingkat
bising jalan raya di saat padat
lalulintas?