Transcript PRINSIP-PRINSIP AGROEKOLOGI

Mk. Agroekologi
AGROEKOLOGI:
PRINSIP
&
PRAKTIKAL
Smno.psdl.ppsub.2013
What is
Sustainable Agriculture?
“…a journey, not a destination”
No one has figured out the perfect way to farm, and probably no one
ever will.
So sustainable agriculture involves a continuing search for better
ways to produce, process, and distribute food and fiber.
Sustainable farmers are always asking what could be improved.
Sustainable Agriculture
•
“…an integrated system of plant and animal
production practices…that will:
1. Memenuhi kebutuhan manusia akan pangan dan
serat
2. Memperbaiki kualitas lingkungan
3. Menggunakan sumberdaya non-renewable secara
se-efisien mungkin
4. Layak secara ekonomi
5. Memperbaiki kualitas hidup manusia.”
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
PERTANIAN BERLANJUT
A whole-systems approach to food, feed, and
fiber production that balances environmental
soundness, social equity, and economic viability
among all sectors of the public, including
international and intergenerational peoples.
Keberlanjutan harus diperluas tidak hanya secara global
tetapi JUGA tanpa batas waktu, dan untuk semua organisme
hidup termasuk manusia.
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
TIGA PILAR UTAMA KEBERLANJUTAN
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
Menjaga KELESTARIAN
Kualitas tanah, air, dan udara
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
Bekerjasama dengan alam
&
Memodel sistem alami
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
BERLANJUT SECARA
EKONOMI
1. Provides a secure living for farm
families
2. Provides a secure living to other
workers in the food system
3. Provides access to good food for all
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
BERLANJUT SECARA
SOSIAL
1. Good for families
2. Supports communities
3. Fair to all involved
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Successful Sustainable Agroecosystems
1. Maintain their natural resource base
2. Rely on minimum artificial inputs from
outside the farm system
3. Manage pests and diseases through internal
regulating mechanisms
4. Recover from the disturbances caused by
cultivation and harvest
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Agroecology ?
1. The application of ecological science to the
design and management of sustainable
agroecosystems
2. A holistic approach to agriculture and
agriculture development based on traditional,
alternative, and local small-scale agriculture
3. Linking ecology, socioeconomics and culture to
sustain agricultural production, farming
communities, and environmental health
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Principles to Agriculture
i.e. “Agro-Ecology”
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Definisi Ekologi
[Ecology is a science, not an ideology]
1. Ernst Haeckel (1866) “The comprehensive science of the
relationship of the organism to the environment”
2. Elton (1927) “Ecology is scientific natural history” [too
quaint – not used any more]
3. Andrewartha and Birch (1954) “the study of the
distribution and abundance or organisms.
4. Odum (1971) …”the study of the interactions
between/among organisms and the transformation and
flux of energy and matter.”
…”the study of the structure and function of nature”
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Prinsip-prinsip Agroekologi
1. Menggunakan sumberdaya terbarukan
2. Meminimumkan senyawa toksik
3. Conserve resources
4. Manage ecological relationships
5. Adjust to local environments
6. Diversification
7. Empower people
8. Manage whole systems
9. Memaksimumkan manfaat jangka panjang
10. Nilai-nilai Kesehatan
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Menggunakan sumberdaya yang terbarukan
1. Renewable resources of energy instead
of non-renewable sources
2. Biological nitrogen fixation
3. Naturally occurring materials instead of
synthetics xenobiotic inputs
4. Sumberdaya On-farm
5. Daur ulang sisa-sisa panen di lahan –
hara tanaman
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Meminimumkan senyawa toksik
1. Mengurangi atau menghentikan
penggunaan xenobiotics – pestisida
2. Menerapkan praktek budidaya
pertanian yang minim pencemaran
lingkungan
3. Use naturally occurring compounds
that degrade into non-toxic
compounds
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Konservasi Sumberdaya
1. Conserve soil- Sustain soil nutrients and organic
matter, Minimize soil erosion – perennials, notillage, mulch
2. Konservasi air - Dry farm, Use efficient irrigation
systems
3. Konservasi Energi – Teknologi efisien energi
4. Conserve genetic resources – Seed, local
varieties
5. Menghemat modal - Mengurangi pengeluaran
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Mengelola Hubungan EKologis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Manage pests, diseases, and weeds
Intercropping & cover cropping
Mengintegrasikan ternak
Meningkatkan biota tanah yang menguntungkan
– Mycorrhizae
– Rhizobia
– Free-living nitrogen fixers
– Plant growth promoting bacteria
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Menyesuaikan dengan Lingkungan Lokal
1. Match cropping patterns to the
landscape
2. Adaptasi tanaman dan ternak dengan
kondisi ekologis usahatani
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Diversifikasi
1. Landscape – maintain undisturbed areas as buffer
zones, use contour and strip tillage, maintain riparian
buffer zones, use rotational grazing
2. Biota – intercrop, rotate crop, use polyculture,
integrate animals in system, use multiple species of
crops and animals in the farm, use multiple varieties
and landraces of crops and animals on farm
3. Ekonomi – pertanian produk organik, pertanian
berbasis masyarakat
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Memberdayakan Manusia
1. Ensure that local people control their
development process
2. Memanfaatkan kearifan Lokal
3. Promote multi-directional transfer of
knowledge, as opposed to top-down
knowledge transfer
4. Engage in people-centric development
5. Memperkuat komunitas
6. Jaminan tenaga kerja pertanian
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Mengelola keseluruhan sistem
• Menggunakan proses perencanaan yang
melibatkan beragam skala agroekosistem:
– Landscapes
– Households
– Farms
– Komunitas - Masyarakat
– Bioregions
– Nasional
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Memaksimumkan manfaat jangka panjang
1. Maximize intergenerational benefits – long
term
2. Maximize livelihoods and quality of life in rural
areas
3. Facilitate generational transfers
4. Menggunakan strategi jangka panjang
5. Memasukkan keberlanjutan jangka panjang
6. Membangun kesuburan tanah
7. Nilai tambah produk pertanian
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Nilai-nilai Kesehatan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Kesehatan Manusia
Cultural health
Environmental health
Animal health
Kesehatan Tanaman
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Goals: akhir yang diinginkan
Practices: Aktivitas untuk mencapai sasaran
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Bgm mencapai Sasaran?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mencari tahu di mana Posisi Anda berada
Analyze your strengths and weaknesses
Select strategies (practices)
Keep monitoring your progress
Re-evaluasi Sasaran dan Rencana
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Where are we?
Apa saja……..
Strengths
&
Weaknesses ….
sistem pertanian kita sekarang ini?
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Keberhasilan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
abundant food supply in the developed world
fresh fruits and vegetables available year-round
Pangan murah
luxury foods such as coffee, tea, chocolate, and
spices easily available around the world
effective food preservation technologies
(refrigeration, freezing, canning, packaging)
Pangan mudah diperoleh
Mekanisasi menghasilkan efisiensi tenagakerja
Perbaikan konservasi tanah dna air
availability of agricultural inputs for quick solutions
to production problems
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Problematika
1. Kehilangan tanah terus berlangsung
2. food safety concerns (mad cow disease, food poisoning
outbreaks, antibiotic resistance, toxins and pesticides)
3. water pollution, air pollution (& odors), habitat loss, water
depletion
4. continuing hunger – and rise of obesity
5. failing farms, economic uncertainty and stress
6. declining communities
7. farm accidents, chronic diseases linked to agricultural
chemicals
8. Ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil, pemanasan global
9. Konversi lahan pertanian menjadi lahan terbangun
10. Kesulitan mmeulai usahatani.
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Elemen-elemen Keberlanjutan
3
2
7
4
9
8
5
1
6
1 Integrated pest management
2 Management intensive grazing
3 Soil conservation
4 Water quality
5 Cover crops
6 Crop/landscape diversity
7 Nutrient management
8 Agroforestry
9 Marketing
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Building Soils for Better Crops
2nd Edition
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Manage Insects on Your Farm
A Guide to Ecological Strategies
Dimana musuh alami bagi hama
padi?
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
KESIMPULAN
1. Pertanian telah mencapai banyak Hal
2. Namun masih banyak maslaah yang harus
diselesaikan
3. Agroecology and sustainable agriculture is
about trying to solve these problems –
without creating new ones.