Transcript personality psychopathology

Unit 5 – Personality and
Psychopathology
Modules 44-54
Personality
MODULES 44-46
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Write what is in green, not what is in
blue
Who Am I??
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Take 10 minutes to draw things that represent
aspects of your personality
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Personality: (Pers) -- a lasting pattern of psy and
behav features by which people can be compared
and contrasted with each other.
Personality Approaches
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Psychodynamic/psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud advocated psychic determinism – pers is
caused by psy factors--what 1 thinks and feels--more than by
biology or current events. The thots are due to active
unconscious processes.
When these thots surface > > > Freudian slips!
To uncover these unconscious thots, one uses
free association, where one says whatever comes to mind w/0
editing. This reveals unconscious themes.
a.
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Psychodynamic Approach
continued…
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To uncover these unconscious thots, one uses
free association, where one says whatever comes
to mind w/0 editing. This reveals unconscious
themes.
Freud claimed Pers developed from a personal
struggle to meet inborn sexual and aggressive
needs in a world that may frustrate such efforts.
What is consciousness?
States of consciousness are variations in the
nature of mental processing as to how much one
is aware.
 The mental events that you are currently aware of
exist at the conscious level.
 At the nonconscious level are mental events
which cannot be experienced consciously. i.e.
We cannot directly “know” about brain
modulation of blood pressure.
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Consciousness continued…
The cognitive unconscious contains mental
activities that are not conscious but can either
become conscious or influence conscious
experience.
 Preconscious level processing is not itself
consciously experienced, but can easily and
quickly be brought into conscious experience. i.e.,
If asked what color your socks are, you can easily
bring the answer into consciousness.
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Freud’s Consciousness
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3 components – Id, Ego, Superego
Id = has the basic inborn instincts, desires,
impulses
o
o
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Eros, promote positive, constructive behavior.
Eros’ energy source -- libido or psychic energy,
which underlies basic needs (e.g., food, water,
sex) + loftier pursuits (music, art).
Death instincts --Thanatos, are aggressive,
destructive acts.
The id seeks immediate satisfaction.
pleasure principle guides 1 toward good
feelings.
Freud Consciousness
continued…
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Ego - The ego satisfies the id in the face of
increasing constraints of “reality.” It offers the
“Should” the ideal
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The ego operates on the reality principle, making compromises
between the id’s unreasoning demands + the real world’s
practical constraints.
The ego becomes the decision-making “executive” of the
personality.
What would happen without ego?
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Express aggression & sexual desires w/o restraint
Freud’s Consciousness
continued…
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Superego: Develops as one introjects, or
internalizes, parental and societal values.
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The conscience contains the “should nots.”
It operates on a morality principle; violating
its rules causing guilt.
THUS Freud saw basic needs (id);
reason (ego); morality (superego); +
environmental demands as competing
with each other, causing intrapsychic or
psychodynamic conflicts for the ego.
Personality Review
Define Personality –
1.
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lasting Psy + behav features used for comparison
Foundation of Psychodynamic theory?
2.
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Unconscious and fixated childhood behav
Id Purpose-
3.
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inborn instincts seeking pleasure
Personality Review
Ego Purpose
4.
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Exec of personality seeking reality
Superego purpose
5.
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conscious- Morality principle
Defense mechanisms Review
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Defense Mechanisms.(DMs) The ego may
reduce anxiety or guilt w/ DMs’, unconscious psy
and behav tactics that protect a person from
unpleasant emotions.
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Repression -- unconsciously forces unacceptable
impulses out. IE, one may hate one’s parent, but forces
the desire out of awareness.
Projection, people attribute their own unacceptable
desires to others. IE., A poor ball player may blame
teammates for losing.
Defense mechanisms
Continued…
Reaction formation your behav is exactly opposite
of true feelings. IE., A girl who dislikes her sister may
become super kind
 Displacement, unacceptable impulses are diverted
toward alternative targets. IE., If your boss angers
you, you may yell at innocent employees rather than
your boss.
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Defense mechanisms
continued…
Intellectualization helps a person minimize anxiety
by viewing threatening issues abstractly IE., Nurses
may refer to patients by their problem rather
Personally
 Rationalization logically “explain away”
unacceptable behavior. IE sour grapes rationalizing
might occur when one says “I didn’t want it anyway”
after losing out on a scholarship
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Defense Mechanisms
continued
Denial, the most used defense, distortion of reality by
simply negating the truth. IE., Women who
experience a rape may deny that the event even took
place--more stress than they can deal with.
 Sublimation expressing repressed desires in socially
approved ways. IE., If you feel aggressive or violent,
you may decide to be a football player.
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Psychosexual stages of
Personality
Freud argued that pers develops in psychosexual
stages, each focusing on a different erogenous
body zone as the main source of pleasure.
 Failure to resolve a stage’s conflicts leaves one
fixated with that stage.
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Psychosexual stages
1.
The oral stage, Year 1, focuses on the mouth as
the center of pleasure. Early or greatly delayed
weaning may leave one overly attached to oral
satisfaction.
a.
Oral fixation leaves adult characteristics such as
talkativeness, overeating, smoking, drinking
excessively, “biting” sarcasm, or a desperate
dependence on others.
(Please be mature here)
2)
The anal stage, Year 2, focuses on the anus and
toilet training.
a.
Anally fixated adults- stingy, stubborn, + obsessed
w/ control, cleanliness, (“anal-retentive” fixation) or
sloppy, disorganized, and impulsive (“analexpulsive” fixation).
Keep being mature…
3.
The phallic stage, Year 3-5, when the focus of
pleasure shifts to the genital areas
a.
A boy’s id impulses involve sexual desire for the
mother and a desire to eliminate, even kill, the father
>>>Oedipus complex. The boy’s hostile fantasies
to his father create fear of retaliation called
castration anxiety, leading the boy’s ego to repress
the conflict and identify with the father.
b.
c.
A girl begins with a strong attachment to her
mother. She develops penis envy, blames her
mother for missing a penis and considers herself
inferior for lacking a penis. Child eventually
represses the conflict, transfers her love to her
father, and identifies with her mother.
Freud felt that most people are fixated at the phallic
stage. Extreme fear, aggression, or difficulties with
an authority figure may show unresolved conflicts
with the same- sex parent
4.
5.
Latency Stage: The peaceful interval...after the
stormy Phallic Stage...sexual impulses lie
dormant. Children prefer playmates who are
their own gender.
Genital Stage - - during adolescence . . .those
hormonal sexual impulses rise to the conscious
level
a.
Males pursue their mothers. . .females pursue their
fathers. . .But the incest taboo represses the
impulses. . .so one marries a person who resembles
their parents.
Neo-Freudians
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stressed psy impulses + conflicts in pers and
behav, but de-emphasizing sexual attitudes.
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Alfred Adler’s inborn social urges in forming
pers. An inferiority complex results when one’s
pers revolves around trying to make up for
perceived deficits.
Neo-Freudians
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Carl Jung’s analytical psy saw libido as a general
life force. Personal unconscious, indiv memories
and impulses, + a collective unconscious, a
common storage. Some of these images,
archetypes, are classical images
Neo-Freudians
Harry Stack Sullivan saw pers as centering on
interpersonal behaviors, if bio needs have already
been met.
 Erik Erikson saw pers as growing through a
series of . . .which involve social, not sexual,
crises.
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Neo-Freudians
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Karen Horney. . .didn’t think it was penis envy. .
.but womb envy. . .Men were upset that they
couldn’t deliver children
And Freud Gets dissed…
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Freud’s Critics claim – (Pick 2 to write down)
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His sample was unrepresentative, composed primarily of
wealthy and mentally troubled women, raised in a society
sexual debates were bad.
His theory focuses on males + is biased to male anatomy.
His ideas may have been affected by his refusal to believe
his patient’s memories of childhood sexual abuse, which
he instead saw as fantasies and wish fulfillment.
Psychodynamic concepts are too vague to measure and
test scientifically.
BUT we use Freudian concepts ALL THE TIME…
Dispositional Approach
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The dispositional approach (DA) makes 3 basic
assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
everyone has stable, long-lasting tendencies for
certain behaviors, attitudes, and emotions;
such “dispositions” (Disp) appear in many
situations
and everyone has either a different set of Disp or
disp of varying strengths.
Dispositional Approach
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Personality types
a.
b.
A pers “type” is a discrete category--you belong to
one class or another. It’s qualitative in nature.
Hippocrates held that temperament, basic behav
tendency, was a balance of bodily fluids, or humors:
blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.
Humour
Season
Element
Organ
Qualities
Ancient
name
Modern
Ancient
characterist
ics
Blood
spring
air
liver
warm &
moist
sanguine
artisan
courageous,
hopeful,
amorous
fire
warm &
gall bladder
dry
idealist
easily
angered, bad
tempered
Yellow bile summer
choleric
Black bile autumn
earth
spleen
cold & dry melancholic
guardian
despondent,
sleepless,
irritable
Phlegm
water
brain/lungs
cold &
moist
rational
calm,
unemotional
winter
phlegmatic
Modern Day Type Theories
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Modern Day Type theorists place people in 3
broad categories
1.
2.
3.
Well-adjusted person
Maladjusted over-controlling person
Maladjusted undercontrolling person – excessive
impulsiveness
Types of Personalities
Type A = perfectionists, driven, High achievers
 Type B’s = Laid back, smell the roses
 Type C’s – pleasant but one buries the stress.
 Type D’s = negative affection (worry, doom is
gloom) + social inhibition (lack of self-assurance.
 Note: Type D’s more prone to cardiac issues.
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Personality Traits
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Traits are continuous dispositions that individuals
possess in different amounts. It’s a quantitative
difference. . .
Trait Theories
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Allport’s trait theory: suggests how traits might
combine in a single personality.
Central traits broadly characterize a person’s behavior
in many settings. IE, Calling someone “friendly”
implies they are amiable most of the time
 Secondary traits are situation-specific, typifying far
less behavior.
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Trait Theories
A rare person has a cardinal trait, an all-pervasive
disposition affecting behavior.
 Allport took a nomothetic approach (looked for traits
commonly in most people) to personality, but he also
valued an idiographic approach (studying trait
patterns that appear in unique clusters in people).
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Factor analysis is a mathematical tool to identify
clusters of traits that correlate with each other
but not with other traits.
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Hans Eysenck claimed that any personality can
be described by three basic factors (trait clusters),
possession of which was biologically determined.
Psychoticism: includes cruelty, rejection of social
customs
 Introversion-extroversion: Introverts are quiet and
keep to themselves, extroverts are sociable and
outgoing
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Introversion-Extroversion
 Eysenck
argued that extroversion
stemmed from genetically low nervous
system arousal, thus requiring more
intense social rewards to arouse the
system;
 introversion was due to inherited neural
over-arousal, so that larger social rewards
risked over-stimulation
Introversion-Extroversion
 Emotionality-stability:
At one extreme
(neuroticism) is moodiness,
restlessness, worry, and anxiety, and at
the opposite extreme is a calm, eventempered, emotionally stable state.
Cognitive Behavior Theories
CB APPROACH sees personality little more than
the behaviors one learns in various situations
 John Watson + B. F. Skinner emphasized the
importance of functional relationships between
behaviors and their environmental effects.
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C/B Theories
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ROTTER’S EXPECTANCY THEORY
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Julian Rotter’s expectancy theory holds that learned cogn
expectancies guide behavior. Behaviors reflect both expected
outcome + the value one places on that outcome.
1.
2.
3.
Internals expect that their own efforts will control events (“I failed
the test because I did not study.”).
Externals expect external forces to control them (“I failed the test
because it was too hard.”).
Rotter developed a pers test called the Internal- External Locus of
Control Scale
 Scores range from 0 - 13.
A high score indicates an external locus of control
while a low score indicates an internal locus of control.
C/B Continued
Albert Bandura argues that thot, envirmt +behav
all interact; each can only be understood relative
to the other two. Pers is shaped by the reciprocal
determinism
 Walter Mischel’s person-situation theory is based
on trait-like person variables--identifiable features
that help differentiate people.
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