Transcript PENTINGNYA KALIUM BAGI TANAMAN TEBU

PENTINGNYA KALIUM
BAGI
PERTANAMAN TEBU
Foto: smno.tebu.plemahan.jan2013
KALIUM BAGI TANAMAN TEBU
Kalium diserap dalam bentuk K+, kalium banyak
terkandung pada abu. Pucuk tebu yang muda
mengadung 60-70% K2O.
Di dalam 1 ton hasil panen tebu terdapat sekitar 1,95 kg
N; 0,30 - 0,82 kg P2O5 dan 1,17 - 6,0 kg K2O yang
berasal dari dalam tanah.
Kalium terdapat didalam sel-sel yaitu sebagai ion-ion
didalam cairan sel dan sebagai persenyawaan adsorptif
didalam zat putih telur dari sitoplasma. Inti sel tidak
mengandung kalium.
Sebagai ion didalam cairan sel, Kalium berperan dalam
melaksanakan “turgor” yang disebabkan oleh tekanan
osmotis.
Diunduh dari: ……….
FUNGSI K BAGI TANAMAN
Kalium terlibat dalam banyak aspek
fisiologis tanaman:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Mengaktivkan berbagai jenis ensim
Membantu fotosintesis
Mendorong status energi yang tinggi
Mempertahankan turgor sel
Meregulasi membukanya stomata daun
Membantu penyerapan air
Meregulasi pengangkutan hara dalam
tanaman
8. Membantu pengangkutan dan
penyimpanan karbohidrat
9. Membantu penyerapan N dan sintesis
protein
10. Membantu sintesis pati dalam daun
FUNGSI K DALAM TANAMAN
. Dalam metabolisme tanaman tebu, kalium juga
berfungsi sebagai activator ensim; K sangat penting
dalam sintesis dan translokasi sukrosa dari daun menuju
ke jaringan simpanan dalam batang. Kalium juga
berperan dalam mengendalikan hidrasi dan osmosis
dalam guard-cell stomata.
Pergerakan karbohidrat dari daun menuju batang
berlangsung dengan kecepatan sekitar 2.5 cm / minute
dalam tanaman yang kecukupan kalium; kekurangan
kalium akan meredukasi kecepatan pengangkutan ini
hingga separuhnya.
Oleh karena itu kekurangan K dalam tanaman akan
mengakibatkan sebagian hasil fotosintesis tetap berada
di daun, tidak dapat dikirim dan disimpan dalam batang.
Selanjutnya kalau tanaman kekurangan kalium, aktivitas
hidrolisis dari ensim invertase akan meningkat dan
hasilnya adalah tanaman tebu kaya gula-reduksi dan
kandungan sukrosenya rendah.
Diunduh dari: ……….
. KEKURANGAN K
Tanaman yang kekurangan Kalium akan cepat mengayu
atau menggabus, hal ini disebabkan kadar lengasnya
yang lebih rendah. Kalium berpengaruh baik pada
pembentukan dinding-dinding sel lebih baik keadaannya
dan lebih baik kandungan airnya, sel-sel ini tumbuh lebih
baik, lebih kuat dan lebih panjang.
Kalium dalam tanaman tebu bersifat mobile, gejala awal
defisiensi K muncul pada daun-daun tua. Bagian tepi dan
pucuk daun-daun tua menunjukkan gejala klorosis
kuning-orange dengan becak-becak khlorosis dan
selanjutnya menjadi becak-becak klorosis kecoklatan.
Gejala ini akan mengurangi luas daun hijau dan dapat
mereduksi kemampuan fotosintesis tanaman.
Kalau laju fotosintesis menurun dengan meningkatnya
tingkat keparahan defisiensi K, pertumbuhan tanaman
akan terhambat, ruas menjadi memendek dan batang
tebu menjadi lebih pendek, demikian juga diameter
batang tebu menjadi lebih kecil.
Tanaman tebu yang defisien K tidak mampu
berfotosintesis dengan baik kalau kadar K-daun
mencapai 0.40 % K atau kurang.
Diunduh dari: ……….
PEMUPUKAN K TEBU
Respon tebu terhadap pemupukan kalium sangat
tergantung pada ketersediaan kalium dalam tanah.
Tanaman tebu mempunyai kemampuan yang kuat untuk
menyerap kalium dari dalam tanah.
Waktu aplikasi pupuk K juga berpengaruh terhadap hasil
dan status hara tanaman tebu. Penangguhan seluruh
atau separuh dosis pupuk rekomendasi 150 Kg K/ha
hingga periode puncak pertumbuhan tanaman tebu tidak
berpengaruh terhadap hasil dan status hara K tanaman
tebu.
Di daerah-daerah dengan curah hujan kurang dari 2000
mm per tahun (di Mauritius), kebutuhan K tebu hingga
ratoon ke enam dapat dipenuhi dengan sekali aplikasi
upupk K pada saat tanam bibit. Aklan tetapi di daerah
dengan curah hujan lkebih dari 2000 mm per tahun,
aplikasi pupuk K setiap tahun memberikan hasil lebih
baik.
Diunduh dari: ……….
ASAM HUMAT + PUPUK NPK
MEMPERBAIKI KETERSEDIAAN HARA
TANAH
Aplikasi asam humat bersama dengan pupuk
NPK meningkatkan ketersediaan unsur hara
dalam tanah (Vertisol dan Alfisol) bagi
tanaman.
Perlakuan aplikasi terbaiki adalah 10 kg ha-1
asam humat (soil application) + 0.1% asam
humat semprotan daun (dua kali) + 0.3%
asam humat + 100% NPK dosis
rekomendasi.
Perlakuan lain yang sama baiknya adalah
aplikasi asam humat 20 kg ha-1 HA (soil
application) + 100% NPK dosis rekomendasi.
Sumber:
Journal Acta Agronomica Hungarica
Volume 52, Number 3 / November 2004
KALIUM & KUALITAS TEBU
KALIUM merupakan kation yang banyak
terakumulasi dalam cairan sel tanaman tebu.
Tanaman tebu yang sehat biasanya mengandung
kalium lebih dari
200 kg K/ha.
Kalau suplai kalium tidak mencukupi, indikator
yang paling terpengaruh adalah panjang-batang
yang dapat digiling, dan jumlah batang anakan.
Kalium juga berfungsi sebagai aktivator ensim, K
sangat penting dalam proses sintesis dan
translokasi sukrose dari daun ke jaringan
simpanan sukrose di batang tebu.
Respon tanaman tebu terhadap pupuk K sangat
tergantung pada ketersediaan K-tanah, respon
yang signifikan hanya terjadi pada tanah-tanah
yang kandungan K-tersedianya rendah
Biasanya tanaman tebu respon terhadap pupuk K
dengan peningkatan hasil tebu, tanpa
peningkatan kadar sukrose.
Serapan K yang berlebihan oleh tanaman tebu
dapat “menekan atau membatasi” recovery
sukrose selama penggilingan. Sehingga
pemupukan K harus dibatasi untuk mencukupi
produksi optimum dan untuk membantu regulasi
kemasakan, sehingga hasil gula maksimum dapat
diperoleh dari batang tebu yang dapat digiling.
KALIUM & KUALITAS TEBU
KALIUM merupakan kation yang banyak
terakumulasi dalam cairan sel tanaman tebu.
Tanaman tebu yang sehat biasanya mengandung
kalium lebih dari
200 kg K/ha.
Kalau suplai kalium tidak mencukupi, indikator
yang paling terpengaruh adalah panjang-batang
yang dapat digiling, dan jumlah batang anakan.
Kalium juga berfungsi sebagai aktivator ensim, K
sangat penting dalam proses sintesis dan
translokasi sukrose dari daun ke jaringan
simpanan sukrose di batang tebu.
Respon tanaman tebu terhadap pupuk K sangat
tergantung pada ketersediaan K-tanah, respon
yang signifikan hanya terjadi pada tanah-tanah
yang kandungan K-tersedianya rendah
Biasanya tanaman tebu respon terhadap pupuk K
dengan peningkatan hasil tebu, tanpa
peningkatan kadar sukrose.
Serapan K yang berlebihan oleh tanaman tebu
dapat “menekan atau membatasi” recovery
sukrose selama penggilingan. Sehingga
pemupukan K harus dibatasi untuk mencukupi
produksi optimum dan untuk membantu regulasi
kemasakan, sehingga hasil gula maksimum dapat
diperoleh dari batang tebu yang dapat digiling.
K dan KUALITAS TEBU
Kadar sukrose nira tebu sangat ditentukan
oleh varietas dan kondisi iklim, pemupukan
hanya salah satu faktor yang ikut
mempengaruhi rndemen.
Biasanya hasil penelitian pemupukan kalium
menunjukkan bahwa respon hasil tebu
terhadap pupuk K tidak diikuti dengan
peningkatan sukrose dalam tebu.
Hasil penelitian di Afrika selatan,
peningkatan dosis pupuk K yang tidak
mendatangkan respon hasil tebu, ternyata
hanya sedikit berpengaruh pada kualitas
tebu.
Aplikasi pupuk kalium secara bertahap dua
kali (50% saat tanam dan 50% pada akhir
musim) memberikan hasil tebu dan jumlah
batang tebu yang maksimum, sedangkan
kualitas nira tidak terpengaruhi.
KALIUM DAN RENDEMEN
TEBU
K has a tendency to increase sucrose solubility
during sugar processing, thus maintaining a
certain amount of sucrose in solution, one K+
tying up one molecule of sucrose.
A significant depression in sucrose concentration
of cane following an application of 183 kg K ha–1
in South Africa.
Chapman (1980) observed in long term trials in
Australia that 196 kg K ha–1 slightly decreased
sucrose content in cane when compared to the no
K treatment.
A more vivid example of K lowering sucrose
recovery is provided by Korndorfer (1990) who
observed that vinasse (distillery slops) when
applied at 120 m3 ha–1 to a dark red dystrophic
latosol in Brazil increased cane yield from 98 to
127 t ha–1 but decreased recoverable sucrose
concentration in cane from 15.0 to 13.1%.
REKOMENDASI PUPUK K
TANAMAN TEBU
Persen Liat
Tanaman
kg K2O/ha
Less than 30%
Plant crop
90 to 210
Subsequent
ratoons
150 to 210
Plant crop
120 to 240
Subsequent
ratoons
180 to 240
Plant crop
120 to 300
Subsequent
ratoons
240 to 300
More than 30%,
exc. high base
saturation soils
More than 40% clay
and high base
saturation
Sumber: SASRI-FAS, 2002.
PUPUK K TANAMAN TEBU
Aplikasi pupuk K dapat meningkatkan hasil
tebu dan rendemennya kalau tanahnya
mengandung kalium kurang dari 102 ppm.
Dosis optimum pupuk K sekitar 140 kg/ha
dapat meningkatkan hasil gula sekitar 2.8
t/ha.
Aplikasi pupuk N dan K mampu
meningkatkan hasil gula pada lahan tebu
yang miskin kalium. Kalium memperbaiki
metabolisme N tanaman dan kalium menjadi
faktor pembatas untuk produksi gula di lahan
ini.
Tingkat kritis untuk respon K pada tanahtanah ini adalah sekitar 102 ppm Kterekstraks. Tanah-tanah dnegan kandungan
K-ekstraks lebih dari 140 ppm tidak respon
terhadap pupuk kalium.
Sumber: Better Crops International, Vol. 14, No. 1,
May 2000
WAKTU APLIKASI PUPUK K
Waktu aplikasi pupuk K berpengaruh
terhadap hasil tebu dan status nutrisi K
tanaman tebu.
Penangguhan seluruh atau separuh dosis
pupuk rekomendasi 150 Kg K/ha hingga
bersamaan dengan saat puncak
pertumbuhan tanaman tebu ternyata tidak
berpengaruh pada hasil tebu dan status hara
tanaman.
Di daerah dengan curah hujan lebih dari 2000
mm per tahun, sebaliknya pemupukan kalium
dilakukan setiap tahun pada saat tanam
(awal musim).
Sumber: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
Volume 20, Number 3, 153-158.
Nilai Kritis K-tanah
1. Nilai kritis K-tersedia pada tanah
berpasir 46.2 mg/kg.
2. Nilai kritis K-tersedia tanah
berlempung 51.4mg/kg.
3. Nilai kritis K-tersedia pada tanah liat
60 mg/kg.
Klasifikasi ketersediaan kalium
tanah bagi tanaman tebu
Texture
Soil available)
K(mg/kg
Increases yield
kg per K2O kg
( %)
Sand
Low <46
China 46- 90
It is high> 90
113
>18
-
91
13.3
–
Loam
Low <52
China 52- 110
It is high > 110
109.2
88
-
>15
10
–
Clay
Low <60
China 60- 120
It is high > 120
139.7
67.2
<8
>10
7.5
<5
SERAPAN KALIUM TANAMAN TEBU
1.Setiap hektar tanaman tebu menyerap
kalium sekitar 100.91-315.28 kg K2O.
2.
Hasil tebu berkorelasi positif
dengan serapan kalium (r = 0.979**)
3.
Hasil tebu (y) berhubungan secara
linear dengan serapan kalium (x) : y =
31687.1 + 246.0 x.
Aplikasi pupuk K pada tebu
Tanaman tebu menyuerap kalium dalam
jumlah yang lebih banyak dibandingkan
dengan N dan P
Penyerapan K paling banyak terjadi pada
fase pertumbuhan awal dan pertengahan
vegetatif.
KALIUM TANAMAN TEBU
Pengelolaan Kalium Tanaman Tebu harus
memperhatikan hal-hal berikut:
1.Nilai kritis K-tersedia dalam tanah, tanah pasir 46.2
mg/kg. Tanah lempung 51.4mg/kg; Tanah liat 60 mg/kg .
2.Setiap hektar tanaman tebu menyerap sekitar 100.91315.28 kg K2O atau setiap ton tebu menyerap K2O 1.98 2.71 kg.
3.Efisiensi pemupukan kalium tanaman tebu 29.4 - 40.6%.
4.Serapan kalium tanaman tebu pada berbagai fase
pertumbuhan: Fase kecambah 4.2%, Fase pembentukan
anakan 13.7%, Fase vegetatif awal 32.8%, Fase
pertumbuhan lanjut 41.2%, Fase pemasakan 8.1%.
5.Kecepatan penyerapan kalium pada fase pertumbuhan
awal adalah 160 g/day/hm2 pda tanaman yang dipupuk
NPK.
6.Kecepatan penyerapan kalium pada fase pertumbuhan
vegetatif sebesar 2180 g/day/hm2.
7.Intensitas penyerapan kalium tanaman tebu dapat
menurun menjadi 250 g/day/hm2 pada fase pemasakan.
The potassium cycle in the soil-plant-animal
system (from SYERS, 1998)
Effect of K on sucrose content and sugar
yield of cane in India (IPI on-farm trials,
2001)
Model Siklus Calvin yang disederhadnakan.
Triose phosphates (TP) can either be exported to the cytosol
for sucrose synthesis or stay in the chloroplast for starch
synthesis; however, the bulk of TP is used for ribulose-1,5bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.
Sintesis sukose dalam cytosol is tergantung pada impor Pi
oleh khloroplas.
MEKANISME PENYERAPAN K+ OLEH AKAR
Proses pertukaran kation antara akar tanaman dengan aprtikel
tanah
PENYERAPAN KATION K+
Membran plasma sel-tanaman dapat menyerap ion dengan dua cara
berbeda yang memerlukan energi:
Metode tidak langsung, dimana pompa proton (hydrogen pumps)
menciptakan gradien elektrokimia
Metode langsung, dimana membran sel secara aktif mengangkut ion
tertentu.
Proses tidak langsung:
Pompa Proton (hydrogen) dalam membran plasma memompa ke luar
H+ dan selanjutnya hal ini akan mempunyai dampak ikuran seperti
gambar berikut.
Penyerapan ion : METODE LANGSUNG
Ion K+ yang bebas dan ada dalam larutan tanah diambil secara
aktif oleh pompa membran transport aktif.
Pompa membran ini bersifat spesifik untuk setiap jenis kation.
Fotoreduksi (reduksi FeIII cyanide) dan fotofosforilasi dalam kloroplast merupakan fungsi dari
konsnetrasi K+ (K1 = suplai K suboptimum, K2 =
.
suplai K optimum)
Peranan K dalam sistem transpor nitrat dan
malate dalam tanaman. PEP= phosphoenol
pyruvate (Marschner, 1995).
KALIUM MEMPERBAIKI RENDEMEN
TEBU
Aplikasi kalium meningkatkan hasil tebu dan rendemen pada
tanah Andisols dan Entisols, kalau kandungan K-tanah kurang
dari 102 ppm.
Dosis optimum K2O sebesar 140 kg/ha dapat emningkatkan
hasil gula sebesar 2.8 t/ha.
Peningkatan hasil gula yang konsisten terjadi kalau pupuk Nk
diaplikasikan pada Andisol yang miskin kalium.
Hal ini berarti K dapat memperbaiki penggunaan N oleh
tanaman dapat menjadi faktor pembatas untuk produksi gula.
Tingkat kritis K-tanah adalah sekitar 102 ppm.
Tanah-tanah dengan K-tanah lebih dari 140 ppm ternyata tidak
respon terhadap pemupukan K.
Sumber: Better Crops International Vol. 14, No. 1, May 2000
PUPUK K DAN P RENDEMEN TEBU
Aplikasi pupuk K dan P memperbaiki kualitas dan
hasil tanaman tebu.
Dosis yang diaplikasikan adalah potassium (0; 86 dan
172 kg/ha K2O) dan phosphorous (TSP) (0; 64.5 dan
129 kg/ha P2O5).
Pupuk K dan P tidak meningkatkan kadar serat tebu;
sedangkan kadar air tanaman dipengaruhi oleh
pupuk K.
Pupuk P meningkatkan kadar gula (polarization %) dan
kemurnian nira tebu (°/u).
Persen brix tebu menurun pada akhir musim sebagai
respon thd pupuk P, sedangkan ratoon hanya
sedikit terpengaruh.
Sedangkan pupuk K tidak berpengaruh terhadap
persen Brix, baik tebu-tanaman maupun ratoon.
Sumber: Journal of Applied Sciences 7 (16): 2345-2350, 2007
APLIKASI PUPUK P & K TANAMAN TEBU
Aplikasi pupuk P dan K berpengaruh terhadap hasil
tanaman tebu. Dosis aplikasinya adalah (0, 72, dan
144 kg K/ha) dan (0, 29 dan 58 kg P/ha).
Aplikasi kalium meningkatkan diameter batang, tinggi
batang, hasil tebu dan hasil gula.
Aplikasi pupuk P meningkatkan tinggi batang, jumlah
ruas, hasil gula.
Aplikasi P pada ratoon meningkatkan hasil tebu dan hasil
gula.
Kandungan K-tersedia dan P-tersedia dalam tanah
menurun setelah panen tebu.
Sumber: Journal of Plant Nutrition . Volume 27, Issue 4, 2004, Pages
663 - 699
DEFISIENSI K TEBU
menghambat translokasi fotosintat
Defisiensi K menghambat translokasi fotosintat
dari daun ke bagian tanaman lainnya.
Translokasi ini terhambat dalam helai daun yang
tidak menunjukkan gejala defisiensi K dan tidak
ada gejala penurunan fotosintesis.
Pada kondisi defisiensi yang parah, laju
fotosintesis dan konversi hasil fotosintesis
menjadi hasil akhir akan terhambat.
Laju respirasi daun yang defisien K juga
mengalami peningkatan.
Penurunan translokasi yang disebabkan oleh
defisiensi K dianggap sebagai efek utama akibat
dari munculnya gejala defisinesi kalium..
Nilai kritis K-tanah yang ditetapkan melalui hasil kajian
SASRI-FAS
Persen Liat tanah
kg K2O/ha
ppm K
30% atau kurang
300
112
30% atau lebih
498
150
40% atau lebih
600
225
Rekomendasi dosis pupuk K : SASRI-FAS, 2002.
Persen Liat Tanah
Tanaman
kg K2O/ha
Kurang dari 30%
Tebu Tanaman
90 - 210
Ratoon berikutnya
150 - 210
Tebu Tanaman
120 - 240
Ratoon berikutnya
180 - 240
Tebu Tanaman
120 - 300
Ratoon berikutnya
240 - 300
Lebih dari 30%,
kecuali tanah yang
KB nya tinggi
Lebih dari 40% liat
dan kejenuhan
basanya tinggi
Hubungan antara kandungan K-tukar dalam tanah
dengan hasil relatif tebu
(sumber: Farina et al., 1992).
Farina, M.P.W., Channon, P., Thibaud, G.R. & Phipson, J.D. 1992.
Soil and plant potassium optima for maize on a kaolinitic clay
soil. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 9, pp. 193 - 200.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Potassium (K) is the most abundant cation accumulating in the cell sap of
sugarcane plant. A healthy sugarcane crop indeed contains generally more
than 200 kg K ha–1 in its aerial parts. Though in the absence of an adequate
K supply, leaf area, tiller density and number of green leaves per mother
shoot may not be affected, the height of millable stalks at harvest and to a
lesser degree the number of stalks may be impaired. By acting mainly as an
enzyme activator in plant metabolism, K is fundamental to the synthesis and
translocation of sucrose from the leaves to the storage tissues in stalks. It
also plays a significant role in controlling the hydration and osmotic
concentration within the stomata guard cells.
Responses of sugarcane to K fertilization reflect to a large extent the
available K status of soil, significant responses being obtained only in soils
low in available K.
Evaluating the response of sugarcane to K fertilization must also take into
account the semi-perennial nature of sugarcane plant. In this context as
sugarcane is able to mine the soil of its K reserves, responses to K fertilizers
are frequently not observed in plant cane and often even in first and second
ratoons. The importance of a balanced nutrition particularly between nitrogen
(N) and K in the attainment of the maximum yield should also not be
overlooked.
In general sugarcane responds to K fertilizers by an increase in cane yield
without any change in sucrose concentration in the cane. As an excessive
uptake of K by the sugarcane depresses the recovery of sucrose during
milling, K fertilization of sugarcane must be kept just adequate to produce an
optimum yield and to help regulate maturity so that maximum sugar is
recovered from the millable canes.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Sugarcane is capable of rapidly depleting soil of nutrients, particularly
potassium. Under South African conditions, for instance, the aerial parts of
an adequately fertilized 12 monthold rainfed plant cane crop has been
reported to contain 214 kg K ha–1 (Wood, 1990).
Under irrigation, a cane crop of similar age and variety may remove as much
as 790 kg K ha–1. In the Histosols of Florida, an average of 343 kg K ha–1
was removed from the field at harvest of the sugarcane (Coale et al.,
1993).
In Mauritius, more than 250 kg K ha–1 was recovered by sugarcane from
soils high in available K even when no K was applied (Cavalot et al., 1990).
In Australia the average kg K ha–1 in the aboveground biomass of a crop of
84 tonnes cane ha–1 was 198 kg K ha–1 (Chapman, 1996).
It is thus clear that for the long term and sustainable use of sugarcane lands,
the removal of such large quantities of K needs to be balanced by adequate
K inputs if a decline in soil fertility is to be avoided – hence the importance of
K manuring in sugarcane cultivation. The effect which the K applied has on
the growth, development, yield and quality of sugarcane is reviewed in this
report.
1. Cavalot, P.C., Deville, J. and Ng Kee Kwong, K.F. 1990. Potassium fertilization
of sugarcane in relation to its availability in soils of Mauritius. Revue Agricole et
Sucrière, Ile Maurice 69: 30-39.
2. Chapman, L.S. 1996. Australian sugar industry by-products recycle plant
nutrients. In : Downstream effects of land use (Ed. Hunter, H.M., Eyles, A.G. and
Rayment, G.E.). Queensland Department of National Resources, Queensland,
Australia.
3. Coale, F.J., Sanchez, C.A., Izuno, F.T. and Bottcher, A.B. 1993. Nutrient
accumulation and removal by sugarcane grown on Everglades Histosols.
Agronomy Journal 85: 310-315.
4. Wood, R.A. 1990. The roles of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the
production of sugarcane in South Africa. Fertilizer Research 26: 87-98.
Diunduh dari: ……….
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
The crop is ratooned repeatedly until the yield declines to such an
extent that replanting is worthwhile (up to nine ratoons may be
grown in Mauritius). When grown at the 1.25 to 1.50 m interrow
distance, sugar cane, depending upon the variety, needs 90 to
120 days to establish full ground cover.
Establishment of sugarcane canopy in fact entails 2 overlapping
processes: tillering (shoot population development) and leaf area
formation. Leaf area development generally lags behind shoot
population increases . Moreover it shows that in ratoon cane
active absorption of K is out of phase with logarithmic synthesis of
dry matter. Indeed most of the K needed by sugarcane will be
taken up during shoot population development while dry matter
accumulation will be most intense when maximum leaf area has
been attained.
Maximum leaf area in fact will coincide with the peak number of
millable stalks rather than with total shoot number. The pattern of
growth, growth rate, number of green leaves per mother shoot,
leaf area and tiller density as described above have reportedly
been found to be little affected by K manuring (Abayomi, 1981)
unless there is a severe K deficiency (Chatterjee et al., 1998).
1. Abayomi, A.Y. 1987. Growth, yield and crop quality performance of
sugarcane cultivar Co 957 under different rates of application of nitrogen
and potassium fertilizers. Journal of Agricultural Science 109: 285-292.
2. Chatterjee, C., Nautiyal, N. and Dube, B.K. 1998. Effects of potassium
concentration on biochemistry, yield and sucrose concentration in
sugarcane. Sugar Cane 5: 12-15.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Dry matter and K accumulation rates, tillers and leaf area formation in rainfed
ratoon cane harvested in August and fertilized in September in Mauritius
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Effect of K manuring on height, stalk population and yields of
sugarcane (Donaldson et al., 1990)
Thus stalk height will generally be impaired by K deficiency while
the effect on the number of millable stalks will not be significant (P
= 0.05) unless K deficiency is severe (Chatterjee et al., 1998).
1. Chatterjee, C., Nautiyal, N. and Dube, B.K. 1998. Effects of potassium
concentration on biochemistry, yield and sucrose concentration in
sugarcane. Sugar Cane 5: 12-15.
2. Donaldson, R.A., Meyer, J.H. and Wood, R.A. 1990. Response to
potassium by sugarcane grown on base saturated clay soils in the
Eastern Transvaal lowland. Proceedings of the Annual Congress of South
African Sugar Technologists Association 64: 17-21.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Role of K in sugarcane
Potassium, which is absorbed as K+, is the most abundant cation
accumulating in the cell sap of sugarcane. The functions of K in
sugarcane are many and have been extensively reviewed by Filho
(1985). Among those functions which may be singled out is the
main role of K as an enzyme activator in plant metabolisms such
as in photosynthesis, protein synthesis, starch formation and
translocation of proteins and sugars.
With respect to the latter context, Humbert (1968) stated that
while the downward movement of sugarcane from the leaves to
the storage tissues in stalks proceeds at the rate of approximately
2.5 cm minute–1 in a well-fertilized sugarcane, a lack of K
reduces the rate to below half that value. Therefore without an
adequate K in the plant, some of the sugar may remain in the
leaves instead of being transported, stored and harvested in the
stalks.
Furthermore if the K supply is inadequate, hydrolytic activity of
invertase may be intensified resulting in cane with high reducing
sugars but low sucrose level (Filho, 1985).
1. Filho, J.O. 1985. Potassium nutrition of sugarcane. In : Potassium in agriculture.
(Ed. Munson, R.D.). American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of
America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison. pp 1045-1062.
2. Humbert, R.P. 1968. The growing of sugarcane. Elsevier Publishing Co. Ltd,
Amsterdam.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Since K is a highly mobile nutrient in the plant, early symptoms of
K deficiency are first seen in the older leaves. Leaf borders and
tips will show yellow-orange chlorosis with numerous chlorotic
spots that subsequently coalesce into brownish chlorotic blotches.
This reduces the green leaf area in which photosynthesis takes
place thereby depressing the growth of sugarcane.
As rate of photosynthesis decreases with increasing severity of K
deficiency, plant growth is retarded, internodes become shorter
and the stalks themselves are shorter and smaller in diameter
than those of well-fertilized sugarcane plants.
Working with varieties H37-1933 and H50- 7209 Hartt and Burr
(1967) found that K deficiency suppressed photosynthesis when
the foliar K concentration fell to about 0.40 K% dry matter.
1. Hartt, C.E and G.O Burr. 1967. Factors affecting photosynthesis in
sugarcane. Proceedings of the Congress of the International Society of
Sugar Cane Technologists 12: 510-609.
Diunduh dari: ……….
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
The influencial role of K in the water economy of the sugar cane
plant is also worth pointing out.
Sudama et al. (1998) showed in pot experiments that application
of K at time of planting under water stress conditions significantly
increased the stomatal diffusive resistance, thereby decreasing
transpiration rate and increasing the leaf water potential, cane
length, sucrose content in juice and cane yield. Potassium is in
fact reported to control the hydration and osmotic concentration of
the stomata guard cells.
When K is deficient it causes a loss of turgor pressure resulting in
closing of the stomata and a reduction in the rate of transpiration
and CO2 assimilation (Humbert, 1968).
For sugarcane grown under moisture stress, application of extra K
has even been reported to give higher cane and sugar yields
(Filho, 1985).
1. Filho, J.O. 1985. Potassium nutrition of sugarcane. In : Potassium in
agriculture. (Ed. Munson, R.D.). American Society of Agronomy, Crop
Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
pp 1045-1062.
2. Humbert, R.P. 1968. The growing of sugarcane. Elsevier Publishing Co.
Ltd, Amsterdam.
3. Sudama, S., Tiwari, T.N., Srivastava, R.P., Singh, G.P. and Singh, S.
1998 Effect of potassium on stomatal behaviour, yield and juice quality of
sugarcane under moisture stress conditions. Indian Journal of Plant
Physiology 3: 303- 305.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Effects of K on sugarcane yields
The yield components of sugarcane commonly measured are the millable
stalk populations and cane fresh weight.
In addition juice purity, sucrose concentration of the fresh cane stalk are
determined to estimate recovery of sugar from milled cane.
The effects of K on sugarcane yields particularly in Brazil and the rates of K
used in different sugar-producing countries have been reviewed by Filho
(1985) and Malavolta (1994). Sugarcane yield responses to K manuring are
in fact very variable.
Thus, Yang and Chen (1991) reported that only 33% of the sites studied in
Fiji showed a response to K fertilization.
Lakholine et al. (1979) showed in a 3-year study under Vidarbha conditions
in India that there was no response to K applied at 50-100 kg K ha–1.
Similarly Olalla et al. (1986) showed that at 0-300 kg K ha–1, there were no
difference in cane and sugar yields at Malaga during the first 2 years of K
fertilizer use and during the next 2 years when K fertilization was withheld.
Prasad et al. (1996), on the other hand, found in a sandy loam calcareous
soil of North Bihar that cane yield was increased from 50 t ha–1 without K
fertilization to 74.5 t ha–1 with only 60 kg K ha–1.
At 11 locations in Sao Paulo State of Brazil, Korndorfer (1990) indicated that
raising application of K to 150 kg K ha–1 progressively increased cane yield.
1. Korndorfer, G.H. 1990. Potassium and sugarcane quality. Informacoes
Agronomicas 49: 1-3.
2. Malavolta, E. 1994. Nutrient and fertilizer management in sugarcane.
International Potash Institute Bulletin No. 14. International Potash Institute,
Basel, Switzerland.
3. Prasad, R., Prasad, U.S. and Sakal, R. 1996. Effect of potassium and sulfur on
yield and quality of sugar cane grown in calcareous soils. Journal of Potassium
Research 12: 29-38.
4. Yang, S.J. and Chen, J.M. 1991. A review of fertilizer trials carried out by the Fiji
Sugar Corporation between 1977 and 1987. Taiwan Sugar 38: 19-24.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Available K in soil:
The very variable response to K fertilization reported in field
trials can to a large degree be explained by the availability of K in
the soil.
The studies on K fertilization of sugarcane in Mauritius,
significant responses (at P = 0.05) in cane and sugar yields to K
fertilizer were only observed in soils low in available K (<0.30
cmol kg–1 extractible in 0.1M H2SO4) while insignificant yield
responses were found in soils with high available K (> 0.60 cmol
kg–1 soil).
These results are in agreement with observations of Humbert
(1968) who found that above 0.23 cmol exchangeable K kg–1 soil
in Hawaii, there was little likelihood of significant cane response to
K fertilizers.
Similarly in South Africa, Wood and Burrows (1980)
recommended no K fertilization to the plant cane and to the next 4
ratoons when the soil exchangeable K exceeds 0.70 cmol kg–1.
1. Humbert, R.P. 1962. Potash and sugarcane quality. Proceedings of the
Congress of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists 11:
115-123.
2. Humbert, R.P. 1968. The growing of sugarcane. Elsevier Publishing Co.
Ltd, Amsterdam.
3. Wood, R.A. and Burrows, J. R. 1980. Potassium availability in soils of the
South African sugar belt. Proceedings of the Congress of the International
Society of Sugar Cane Technologists 17: 182-195.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Lack of sugarcane response to K fertilization however
had also been reported even when available K in the soils
was low.
Thus Reis and Cabala-Rosand (1986) found no response
to K fertilization even with available levels of this nutrient
in the range of 0.07 to 0.14 cmol K kg–1.
The frequent absence of yield response to fertilizer K in
soils with low available K is an indication that under
certain conditions, e.g. when K buffering capacity of the
soil is high, sugarcane can acquire sufficient K from the
non-exchangeable K reserves in the upper layers of the
soil and from the sub-soil.
1. Reis, E.L. and Cabala-Rosand, P. 1986. Response of sugar cane to
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the “Tabuleiros” soil of southern
Bahia State, Brasil. Ravista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo 10: 129-134.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
The perennial nature of sugarcane plant: In addition to the availability
of K in soils, the yield response of sugarcane to K fertilizers is influenced by
the semi-perennial nature of the sugarcane crop. In fact the real benefits
when sugar cane is grown depends on how many ratoons are possible.
All those factors which affect its productivity, fertilizers included, should be
studied over the whole cycle of the plant cane plus number of ratoons
worthwhile before replanting.
In this context, K already released by weathering together with K moved into
the subsoil but returned to the surface layer during land preparation for
replanting may be sufficient to meet the K requirements of the plant cane but
not those of the subsequent ratoons.
Sachan et al. (1993) also observed that plant cane crop did not respond to
fertilizer K application while the first ratoon crop only did so slightly in a
mollisol of Uttar Pradesh.
Paneque et al. (1992) in Brazil reported that neither plant cane nor the first
ratoon responded to K but cane yields increased by 23 and 39 t ha–1 at the
end of the second and third ratoons, respectively.
1. Paneque, V.M., Martinez, M.A,. and Gonzalez, P.J. 1992. Study of
potassium levels in three sugarcane varieties grown on compacted red
ferralitic soil. Cultivos Tropicales 13: 5-8.
2. Sachan, R.S., Ram, N. and Gupta, R.A. 1993. Effect of soil and applied
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the yield of planted and ratoon
crop of sugarcane in a Mollisol of Uttar Pradesh. Indian Sugar 42: 769773.
Diunduh dari: ……….
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Response of sugarcane to increasing rates of K in soils of Mauritius with low,
medium and high available K as extracted in 0.1M H2SO4
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Response of sugarcane found from 1990 to 1993 at a site in
Mauritius (Sans Souci) with only 0.16 cmol exchangeable K kg–1
Diunduh dari: ……….
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Sugarcane first ratoon response to K as affected by (A) P rates and (B) K
rates in plant cane (Rodella, 1990)
Rodella, A.A. 1990. Nutrient response relationships between ratoon and plant
crops in sugar cane. Sugar Cane 1: 3-7.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Importance of a balanced nutrition:
Although no consistent statistically significant interaction has
been shown to exist between N and K fertilization, a review of the
literature shows that inputs of N and K must be balanced to
optimize sugarcane production. For high yield (and good juice
quality), K fertilizers are required in amounts equal to or greater
than N (and P).
In most sugarcane producing countries of the world, NPK ratios of
2:1:3 or 2:1:2 or 3:1:5 are commonly used (Wood, 1990).
While N strongly stimulates growth, expansion of the crop canopy
and interception of solar radiation (Milford et al., 2000) to primarily
produce more millable cane, a large amount of K is needed as an
osmotic solute to maintain the necessary cell turgor to drive this
N-stimulated growth (Humbert, 1968).
Fields with poor yields normally tend to have high N and critically
low K levels resulting in high reducing sugars and low sucrose
(Humbert, 1962). This statement serves to stress upon the
necessity of having adequate K available to utilize unassimilated
N in the ccane in order to bring about a stage of maturity where
the reducing sugars are converted to sucrose.
1. Milford, G.F.J., Armstrong, M.J., Jarvis, P.J., Houghton, B.J., Bellett-Travers,
D.M., Jones, J. and Leigh, R.A. 2000. Effects of potassium fertilizer on the yield,
quality and potassium offtake of sugar beet crops grown on soils of different
potassium status. Journal of Agricultural Science 135: 1-10.
2. Wood, R.A. 1990. The roles of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the
production of sugarcane in South Africa. Fertilizer Research 26: 87-98.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Effect of K on sugarcane quality
Improving cane quality is one of the most important means for maximising
profitability in the sugarcane industry. It is indeed far more profitable to grind
cane with a high percentage of recoverable sucrose as this will reduce the
cost per unit tonne of sugar produced. In this respect juice quality is
important as it determines the maximum sucrose yield. Unfortunately
however sucrose content in cane is affected primarily by variety and climatic
conditions and only in a relatively minor extent by the fertilizers applied.
Though reports exist to indicate that K is capable of raising sugar yields
without a concomitant increase in the yield of cane (see e.g. Dang and
Verma, 1996), the majority of K fertilizer trials showed that a response to K
in terms of cane yield was not accompanied by an increase of sucrose in the
cane.
Wood (1990) observed in South Africa that increasing the rate of K in the
absence of a cane yield response had little effect on cane quality.
Gulati et al. (1998) also observed in India that while K application in 2 equal
splits (50% at sowing and 50% at end of monsoon) gave maximum cane
yield and number of millable canes, juice quality was unaffected.
1. Dang, Y.P. and Verma, K.S. 1996. Nutrient management in sugarcane in
Haryana State : Key to improved sugar production. In : Sugar cane research
towards efficient and sustainable production. (Ed. Wilson, J.R., Hogarth, D.M.,
Campbell, J.A. and Garside, A.L.). CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and
Pastures, Brisbane, Australia. pp 203-205.
2. Gulati, J.M.L., Behera, A.K., Nanda, S. and Saheb, S.K. 1998. Response of
sugarcane to potash. Indian Journal of Agronomy 43: 170-174.
3. Wood, R.A. 1990. The roles of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the
production of sugarcane in South Africa. Fertilizer Research 26: 87-98.
The Effects of Potassium on Growth,
Development, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane
K.F. NG KEE KWONG
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
Most importantly, an excessive uptake of K from soil has been found to
depress the recovery of sucrose during milling.
As reviewed by Filho (1985), K has a tendency to increase sucrose solubility
during sugar processing, thus maintaining a certain amount of sucrose in
solution, one K+ tying up one molecule of sucrose.
Wood (1990) noted a significant depression in sucrose concentration of cane
following an application of 183 kg K ha–1 in South Africa.
Chapman (1980) observed in long term trials in Australia that 196 kg K ha–1
slightly decreased sucrose content in cane when compared to the no K
treatment.
A more vivid example of K lowering sucrose recovery is provided by
Korndorfer (1990) who observed that vinasse (distillery slops) when applied
at 120 m3 ha–1 to a dark red dystrophic latosol in Brazil increased cane yield
from 98 to 127 t ha–1 but decreased recoverable sucrose concentration in
cane from 15.0 to 13.1%. Thus available data in the literature shows that K,
in spite of its important role in sugarcane plant, must be kept just adequate to
produce optimum yields and to regulate maturity so that maximum sugar is
recovered from the millable stalks.
1. Chapman, L.S. 1980. Long term responses in cane yields and soil analyses
from potassium fertilizer. Proceedings of the 1980 Conference of the Australian
Society of Sugar Cane Technologists: 63-68.
2. Filho, J.O. 1985. Potassium nutrition of sugarcane. In : Potassium in agriculture.
(Ed. Munson, R.D.). American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of
America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison. pp 1045-1062.
3. Korndorfer, G.H. 1990. Potassium and sugarcane quality. Informacoes
Agronomicas 49: 1-3.
4. Wood, R.A. 1990. The roles of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the
production of sugarcane in South Africa. Fertilizer Research 26: 87-98.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (1) : (45-47) 2011
Potassium management strategies to realize high yield and
quality of sugarcane
GURURAJ HUNSIGI
Sugarcane is heavy feeder of K. The excess K in plant
tissues interferes in sugar process due to scale formation
in pans. Its demand may exceed 800 kg/ha.
Agronomic value of K rests with increased cane volume,
girth and weight per cane, drought and disease
resistance and reduced lodging. In rations, K is essential
to realize high yield and quality and response was more
than for NP.
Sources of K had no effect. A single basal dressing is
desirable and response of K ranges from 0.01 to 0.352 t/
ha and 0.06 to 0.117 t /ha per kg K in plant and ratoons,
respectively at optimum level.
An array of extractants from dilute acids to alkalies have
been tested but 1 N H2SO4 or 1M BaCl2 gives better
prediction as it removes a portion of non-exch. K but
plant available K known as STEP K.
Recently, analysis of 100 year data from Rothamsted, UK
have reported a strong relationship with exch. K & K
balance.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (1) : (45-47) 2011
Potassium management strategies to realize high yield and
quality of sugarcane
GURURAJ HUNSIGI
Sugar and starch crops require larger quantities of potassium than
other crops. Its demand may exceed 800 kg/ha albeit this includes
luxury consumption. According to Humbert (1968) a 100 ton crop
on an average, removes 500 kg K2O/ha. An increased response
is followed by optimum K concentration to luxury consumption and
toxic levels. In fact, addition of K should be at response stage to
reach an optimum level . Luxury consumption of K in the plant
tissues interferes in sugar process due to scale formation in the
pans.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (1) : (45-47) 2011
Potassium management strategies to realize high yield and
quality of sugarcane
GURURAJ HUNSIGI
Functions of potassium
The functions of K are many. It is required for cells structure,
carbon assimilation, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, starch
formation, translocation of proteins and sugars and entry of water
into plants. More than 60 enzymes are activated and it is basic to
sugarcane for synthesis and accumulation of sugar (Clements,
1980).
Important role in water relation is well recognized. Late K
application (6 months) up to 50 kg K2O/ha is advocated to
circumvent drought conditions. A foliar application of 2.0 to 2.5%
K2O is advocated. But, there is practical difficulty in application as
sugarcane attains a height of 2 to 3 m. Application of K is
prophylactic measure against diseases like eyespot and
cercospora. Lodging or layover of cane is greatly restricted due to
K fertilization.
1. Clements, H.F., 1980, Sugarcane crop logging and crop control:
Principles and practices. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, p.
520.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (1) : (45-47) 2011
Potassium management strategies to realize high yield and
quality of sugarcane
GURURAJ HUNSIGI
Agronomic value of potassium
Importance of K rests with improved girth and volume of
cane (V = p x L x D x ¾, where L = cane length, in cm D
= diameter cm).
This is reflected in increased weight per cane with a
consequent increase in yield. Other workers have
reported increased population average height and dry
matter (Thengavelu, 2009).
Varietal differences were observed with regard to K
uptake. Total K uptake was highest in Co7201 (502.1
kg/ha) and the lowest in Co 7712 (125.2 kg/ha).
1. Thangavelu, S., 2009, Mineral nutrition in sugarcane crop production and
improvement. Eds. Singh, S.B., Rao G.P., Soloman, S and
Gopalesundaram P., Stadium Press LLC, Texas, USA, pp. 387- 488.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (1) : (45-47) 2011
Potassium management strategies to realize high yield and
quality of sugarcane
GURURAJ HUNSIGI
Effect of potassium on Fibre % and pol % cane
(diagramatic)
It needs emphasis that K dressing has improved both fibre and pol per cent
cane. It is postulated that fibre and pol are not negatively related. The
possible reason is K improved fibre % by increasing sclerenchyma cells.
Further, this nutrient has improved pol % juice by utilizing the N in the tissue.
Rakkiappan (2002) has given target yield equations for two varieties : Co
8021 : FK = 3.621 T – 0.636 SK, Co 7219 : FK = 3.563 T – 0.694 SK.
1. Rakkiappan, P., 2002, Soil fertility, nutrient uptake and micronutrient
deficiencies in relation to varieties. Proc. Winter School on Sugarcane Breeding
Gen. Retrospect Prospects, 21-22 November, 2002, Sugarcane Breeding Inst.,
Coimbatore, pp. 206-214.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (1) : (45-47) 2011
Potassium management strategies to realize high yield and
quality of sugarcane
GURURAJ HUNSIGI
All sources of K are equally effective. Potassium scheonite (24% K2O) is as
good as muriate/sulfate of potash (Hunsigi, 1993 and 2001). Potash is band
placed in cane furrows below the set, but 3-5 cm away from it. Point
placement /spot application even by peg method (Java method) to ratoon
stools is advised.
As regards time of application, it is mostly given as single basal application.
However, split application in sandy soil is preferred. In PR China vast
sugarcane fields are sprayed aerially with KCl (2.0 t 2.5 %) plus ethrel (500
to 1000 ppm) to improve cane and sugar yield. The recommended time of
application to plant/ ratoon cane depends on edaphic /agro-ecological
situations.
Time of K application to sugar cane:
1. Hunsigi, G., 1993, Production of sugarcane: Theory and practice Springer
vertog, Berlin, Germany.
2. Hunsigi, G, 2001, Sugarcane in Agriculture and Industry, Prism Book House,
Bangalore, pp. 572.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (1) : (45-47) 2011
Potassium management strategies to realize high yield and
quality of sugarcane
GURURAJ HUNSIGI
Soil K reaches the plant by mass flow / root extension and proliferation
(effective soil volume) rather than by diffusion. All most all soil types respond
to K addition save alluvial soils as they contain K bearing illitic clay and
micas. Increased tonnage following K addition was observed more in red,
mixed red and black soils of peninsular India.
The application rates have ranged from 50 to 200 kg K2O/ha depending on
soil types and agroecological situations. In a cropping system, as in sugar
beet as intercrop or rotational crop, K addition ranges from 250-300 kg
K2O/ha.
In general, the response varies from 0.01 to 0.352 t/ha per Kg K2O in plant.
Under rainfed condition response was around 0.27 t/ha per kg K2O. Potash
yield relationship is better explained by second degree polynomial.
Some potassium response equations in plant cane:
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (1) : (45-47) 2011
Potassium management strategies to realize high yield and
quality of sugarcane
GURURAJ HUNSIGI
Clements (1980) introduced the term crop log. Crop log, like a
ship log, is a record of progress from the start until the arrival at
harvest. Crop logging was successfully used to monitor, evaluate
or schedule fertilizer application to maximize crop production.
There is an opportunity for mid term correction. Sheath moisture
index (3-6 leaf sheaths) is accepted as a single parameter, which
predicts plant performance. It is intriguing that crop log data is
rarely adopted in Indian sugar factories. In recent times foliar
diagnostic approach is contested. But, soil test remains an
excellent pre-plant practice and critical nutrient level (CNL) is a
good guide for scheduling fertilizer application to plant crop.
Table 2 presents critical nutrient levels for sugarcane (Clements,
1980).
Clements, H.F., 1980, Sugarcane crop logging and crop control: Principles and
practices. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, p. 520.
Proceedings of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane
Technologists 31: 186-194. (2009)
Potassium management for sugarcane on base saturated
soils in northern New South Wales.
Kingston G, Anink M C, Clift B M, Beattie R
AN industry-wide survey of the nutrient status of sugarcane crops in 2000–01
showed leaf potassium (K) levels in most samples from New South Wales
were well below the critical value. There were no data to indicate the
significance of this information for crop yield and future K management. In
2002, rates of K fertiliser experiments were established at two sites in the
Broadwater Mill area on clay soils where exchangeable K was 0.13–0.14
cmol(+)/kg and nitric K was 0.78–1.04 cmol(+)/kg.
Calcium (Ca) + magnesium (Mg) saturation was 91–95% of total bases. The
lowest rates of applied K were the growers’ strategy of 39 and 42 kg K/ha.
Treatments of 0 to an additional 300 kg K/ha were applied in 50 kg
increments as row dressings. Five crops were harvested between 2003 and
2005.
Leaf K% was always below the critical value in the standard treatment, and
above the critical value for some of the higher rates of K in 2003 and 2005.
There was no yield response to K fertiliser above the basal rate indicating
supply of K from non-exchangeable soil reserves was adequate. Biomass K
increased with rate of applied K, but the K balance was negative when less
than 192 kg K/ha was applied.
Leaf data suggested high levels of (Ca+Mg) in soil may be interfering with K
uptake. The ratio of (Ca+Mg)/K >0.55 can be used to identify leaf samples
from base saturated soils that may require interpretation using a reduced
critical value in the range 0.75–0.9% K.
Absence of yield responses showed that the crop does not need more K than
is currently applied, but soil K status should be monitored to indicate when
potential for yield response should be re-evaluated.
Diunduh dari: ……….
www.bses.com.au/.../146355_Potassium_management_for_sugarcan...
Potassium and Silicon Improve Yield and Juice Quality in
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) under Salt Stress
M. Ashraf, Rahmatullah, R. Ahmad , M. Afzal, M. A. Tahir, S. Kanwal, M.
A. Maqsood.
Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
Volume 195, Issue 4, pages 284–291, August 2009
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress which adversely affects the
yield and juice quality in sugarcane. However, the mineral nutrient
status of plant plays a crucial role in increasing plant tolerance to
salinity. We investigated the effects of K and/or Si on plant growth,
yield and juice quality in two sugarcane genotypes differing in
salinity tolerance.
Addition of K and Si significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased K and Si
concentrations and decreased the accumulation of Na+ in plants
under salt stress. Cane yield and yield attributes were significantly
(P ≤ 0.05) higher where K and Si were added. Juice quality
characteristics like Brix (% soluble solids in juice), Pol (% sucrose
in juice), commercial cane sugar (CCS) and sugar recovery in
both sugarcane genotypes were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05)
improved with the supplementation of K and Si. For most of the
growth parameters, it was found that K either alone or in
combination with Si was more effective to alleviate salt stress in
both sugarcane genotypes than Si alone. Moreover, the beneficial
effects of K and Si were more pronounced in salt sensitive
genotype than in salt tolerant genotype.
The results suggested that K and Si counteracted the deleterious
effects of high salinity/sodicity in sugarcane by lowering the
accumulation of Na+ and increase in K+ concentration with a
resultant improvement in K+/Na+ ratio which is a good indicator to
assess plant tolerance to salinity.
Diunduh dari: ………. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439037X.2009.00364.x/abstract
Potassium Studies on Some Sugarcane Growing Soils in
Fiji
J.S. Gawander, P. Gangaiya and R.J. Morrison
The South Pacific Journal of Natural Science 20(1) 15 - 21
This study investigated the potassium (K) status of sugarcane
growing soils in Fiji, using samples taken from fields under
cultivation and also from sites that had not been cultivated for at
least 30 years. Five sites were on highly weathered oxyhydroxide
soils where the total K contents and K retention capacities were
generally low. The two less weathered soils containing significant
amounts of 2:1 expanding clay minerals had much higher total K
and non-exchangeable K.
Exchangeable K and soil solution K contents varied significantly,
but were generally low for most soils. Exchangeable K contents
were lower in the regularly cultivated fields at five sites out of the
eight, were higher at 2 sites, while for one site there was no
change. These variations may be due to different levels of K input,
uptake by crop and losses due to leaching and erosion.
The two less weathered soils (Sigatoka and Nawaicoba) had
lower contents of both non-exchangeable and exchangeable K in
the cultivated soil when compared with the fallow sites suggesting
net loss of K due to cultivation. These soils, however, also had
high surface negative charge and thus a better capacity to retain
K.
Since the K requirement of sugarcane is characteristically high
and large amounts of K are removed in the harvested crop, K
fertilizer practices need to be scrutinized carefully in Fiji.
Diunduh dari: ………http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/SP02004.htm.
. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis . Volume 42, Issue
16, 2011 .pages 2024-2037
Potassium Behavior in Some Iranian Soils of
Khuzestan Province Planted with Sugarcane
Amir Bostani, Gholam Reza Savaghebi & Mohammad Miransari
Effects of potassium (K) fertilization, cropping history, and soil
mineralogy on K fixation and availability were investigated in three
sugarcane development projects. Hence, water-soluble,
exchangeable, nonexchangeable, and available K (sum of watersoluble and exchangeable) was evaluated in the three projects
including Haft-Tapeh (H), Karun (Ka), and Sugarcane
Development Project (T) with 41, 26, and 8 years of sugarcane
plantation, respectively, in the Iranian soils of Khuzestan province.
According to the results, K fixation ranged from 17.74 to 129.15
mg kg−1 and with increasing K levels, its amounts and percentage
(P = 0.01) increased. With less than 30 years of plantation, there
were not any differences in different plantation histories with
regard to K fixation and availability.
Evaluation of K dynamic based on long-term experiments can
effectively contribute to the determination of appropriate rates of K
fertilization for sugarcane production.
Diunduh dari: ……….
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00103624.2011.591643
A Classification System for Potassium Availability in Soils
for Sugarcane Planting Regions in Guangxi
Tan Hongwei, Zhou Liuqiang, Xie Rulin, Huang Meifu
Guangxi Sciences [2003, 10(4):321-324]
From 1991 to 2001,82 field experiments were carried out
on sugarcane in Laibin,Hepu,Guigang and Bobai
Crop response to K as affected by the K status (available
K) was measured and statistically analysed
Calculated critical values depended on the soil
texture,characterised by sands,loam soils and clays
For sugar cane cultivated on all three soil textures,the
calculated critical K values were,46 2,51 2 and 60 mg/kg
of available K in sandy,loamy and clayey
soils,respectively
Accordingly, potassium supply classes for soils of
cultivating sugar cane were established For the three soil
textures, the following supply classes were defined: (1)
Low K supply: <46 mg/kg,<52 mg/kg and <60 mg/kg, (2)
Medium K supply: 46~90 mg/kg, 52~110 mg/kg and
60~120 mg/kg.
Diunduh dari: ………. http://europepmc.org/abstract/CBA/549791
. Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association - June
1990
FOLIAR DIAGNOSIS OF SUGARCANE - VARIATION OF lEAF
POTASSIUM VALUE WITH AGE OF CANE AND RAINFALL
REGIME
K. F. NG. KEE KWONG, GAUTHIER and J. DEVILLE
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit, Mauritius
The top visible dewlap leaf potassium (K) of sugarcane ratoons
varies in an irregular manner with age ofcane. However, by
increasing the number of leaf samplings, the fluctuation ofthe
mean K values with age becomes less and less significant.
As a result in Mauritius, where the running average leaf K
concentration of 3 consecutive years of double leaf sampling is
interpreted, age corrections of the analytical leaf K value will not
have a noteworthy impact on the accuracy of foliar diagnosis for K
status.
Examination of daily rainfall which fell 30 days prior to leaf
sampling failed to reveal the exact significance of moisture regime
on the K nutritional status of sugarcane.
In some instances a high rainfall prior to leaf sampling gave rise to
a high leaf K value, while in other instances at the same site the
opposite was true.
Diunduh dari: ………http://www.sasta.co.za/wpcontent/uploads/Proceedings/1990s/1990_Kwong_Foliar%20Diagnosis%20Of%20Sug
arcane.pdf.
. Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association - June
1990
FOLIAR DIAGNOSIS OF SUGARCANE - VARIATION OF lEAF
POTASSIUM VALUE WITH AGE OF CANE AND RAINFALL
REGIME
K. F. NG. KEE KWONG, GAUTHIER and J. DEVILLE
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit, Mauritius
The practice of foliar diagnosis using the threshold value concept
to monitor the nutrient status of sugarcane fields in Mauritius has
been reviewed by Ng Kee Kwong et al. (1988).
Its accuracy is impeded by the variation of the top visible dewlap
(TVD) leaf nutrient level with age ofcane. To overcome this
drawback, the TVD leaf" of sugarcane aged from three to seven
months may be sampled in the absence of moisture stress, and
age corrections are then applied to the leaf nutrient values to
bring them to the standardized age of five months. Since leaf
nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations decrease
consistently with age of cane (Ng Kee Kwong et al. 1988), the
magnitude of the age corrections for these two elements can be
established with reliability.
The leaf potassium (K) level, however, varies in an irregular
manner with age of cane and consequently no reliable age
correction can yet be applied to the analytical leaf K values.
1. Ng Kee Kwong, KF, Gauthier, J and Deville,J (1988). Foliar diagnosis of
sugarcane in Mauritius - a historical review. Sugar cane (Spring
supplement): 1-7.
Diunduh dari: ………http://www.sasta.co.za/wpcontent/uploads/Proceedings/1990s/1990_Kwong_Foliar%20Diagnosis%20Of%20Sug
arcane.pdf.
. Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association - June
1990
FOLIAR DIAGNOSIS OF SUGARCANE - VARIATION OF lEAF
POTASSIUM VALUE WITH AGE OF CANE AND RAINFALL
REGIME
K. F. NG. KEE KWONG, GAUTHIER and J. DEVILLE
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit, Mauritius
The cause of the irregular variation of leaf K with age of
cane is not known with certainty. It has, however, been shown that K
availability, uptake by plants and crop response to K fertilizers are
influenced by the moisture regime (Krishnakumari et al. 1988 ,
Kuchenbuch et al. 1986, Mengel and Von Braunschweig, 1972).
In addition K uptake by the plant is believed to be more sensitive than
uptake of other nutrients to changes in soil moisture (Wood and Meyer,
1986).
Existing information in the literature thus points towards the fluctuation
in water regime as a factor which may be causing leaf K concentration
to vary irregularly with age of cane.
1. Krishnakumari, M, Bajaj, JC and Wahid-U-Zzaman (1988). Effect of interactions
of different levels of soil moisture and potassium on the dry matter production
and potassium uptake by Hordeum vulgare (barley) in different soils. Plant Soil
109: 294-296.
2. Kuchenbuch, R, Claassen, Nand Jung, KA (1986). Potassium availability in
relation to soil moisture.I. Effect of soil moisture on potassium diffusion, root
growthand potassium uptake of onion plants. Plant Soil 95: 221-231.
3. Mengel, Kand VonBraunschweig, LC. (I972). The effect of soilmoisture upon the
availability of potassium and its influence on the growth of young maize plants
(Zea mays L). Soil Sci 114: 142-148.
4. Wood,RA and Meyer, JH (1986). Factorsaffecting potassium nutrition of
sugarcane in South Africa. Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 60: 198-204.
Diunduh dari: ………http://www.sasta.co.za/wpcontent/uploads/Proceedings/1990s/1990_Kwong_Foliar%20Diagnosis%20Of%20Sug
arcane.pdf.
. Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association - June
1990
FOLIAR DIAGNOSIS OF SUGARCANE - VARIATION OF lEAF
POTASSIUM VALUE WITH AGE OF CANE AND RAINFALL
REGIME
K. F. NG. KEE KWONG, GAUTHIER and J. DEVILLE
Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit, Mauritius
Average variation of top visible dewlap (TVD) leaf K with
age of sugarcane varieties M 13/56 and M 377 /56.
Diunduh dari: ………http://www.sasta.co.za/wpcontent/uploads/Proceedings/1990s/1990_Kwong_Foliar%20Diagnosis%20Of%20Sug
arcane.pdf.
The Influence of Potassium on the Yield and Sucrose Content
of Sugarcane
George Samuels and Pablo Landrau
SSSAJ. 1955. Vol. 19 No. 1, p. 66-69
The results of over 200 field experiments with potash fertilizers on
sugarcane conducted by the Agricultural Experiment Station of the
University of Puerto Rico over a wide range of cane varieties and
soils of Puerto Rico were analyzed with respect to the influence of
the potash on cane yields and sucrose content.
The results indicated that potash increased yields mainly on the
red and yellow podzolic soils of the humid area and in a planosal
of the semi-arid area. The irrigated cane areas showed slight if
any response to potash. The use of potash increased sucrose
concentrations in the cane only if cane yields were also increased.
Increases of 10% or more in cane tonnage were needed for
increases in sucrose. When potassium fertilizer significantly
influenced sucrose concentration, this was accomplished mainly
by raising the polarization value of the cane juice. Percent Brix
and extraction were not appreciably influenced.
The use of foliar diagnosis proved to be of great value in
determining when to apply potash fertilizers to cane. Leaf values
of 2.00% or more on a dry-weight basis indicated no expected
potash responses for all soils and cane varieties in Puerto Rico. In
humid areas, leaf values below 1.80% indicated that a response
to potash fertilizers could be expected.
Diunduh dari:
……https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/19/1/SS0190010066?access=0&
view=pdf….
Growth, yield and crop quality performance of sugarcane
cultivar Co 957 under different rates of application of
nitrogen and potassium fertilizers
A. Y. ABAYOMI.
J. Agric. Sci,.,Camb.( 1987),1 09, 285-292
Screen house and field experiments at the Sugar Research
Institute, University of Ilorin, Nigeria were carried out to evaluate
the effects of various amounts of nitrogen and potassium
fertilizers singly and in combinations on growth, yield and crop
quality of sugarcane cultivar Co 957.
Growth rate, number of green leaves per mother shoot, leaf area,
plant height, stalk length and tiller density were significantly
affected by nitrogen application but were not significantly affected
by potassium.
Similarly, cane tonnage was significantly affected by nitrogen but
not by potassium. In the screen house trial, responses to N were
linear from 0 to 160 kg N/ha. However, in the field, while the
measured variables also increased linearly with N application from
0 to 160 kg N/ha, they decreased at 200 kg N/ha.
Cane quality decreased with increased nitrogen and potassium.
However, these reductions were significant' only at the highest
level of nitrogen and potassium.
There were no significant nitrogen and potassium interactions on
any of the variables studied.
Diunduh dari:
………http://unilorin.edu.ng/publications/abayomiya/Growth,%20Yield%20and%20Crop
%20Quality%20Performance%20of%20Sugarcane%20Cult.PDF.
Growth, yield and crop quality performance of sugarcane
cultivar Co 957 under different rates of application of
nitrogen and potassium fertilizers
A. Y. ABAYOMI.
J. Agric. Sci,.,Camb.( 1987),1 09, 285-292
In studies of the physiology of cane plants, emphasis has been
placed on growth as controlled by nutrition, water relationships
and climatic factors well as sucrose formation and storaqe. Much
has been reported elsewhere on the effects of the major
elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as
irrigation on the yield of cane and sugar (Azeredo, Robina &
Manhales, 1980; Castellanos, Gerret & Lopez, 1978; Castellanos
el al. 1980; Clements, 1964a, b, 1970, 1980; Chaudhry, 1983;
Gascho & Kidder, 1979; Le Grand, Burdine & Thomas, 1961 ;
Samuels, Hugo-Lopez & Landrau, 1952).
These reports are diverse especially on the effects of nitrogen
and potassium on cane tonnage, juice quality and the consequent
commercial sugar production.
1. Azeredo,D . F. De, Robina, A . A. & M.S. Manhales. (1980). Mineral fertilizing
(NPK) of plant cane in the States of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Garais Plana /
sucar (Brazil) 95, 19-28.
2. Chaudury, B. A. (1983). Low sugarcane productivity in Negros - Why ?
Sugarland. 20 (6), 4-7.
Diunduh dari:
………http://unilorin.edu.ng/publications/abayomiya/Growth,%20Yield%20and%20Crop
%20Quality%20Performance%20of%20Sugarcane%20Cult.PDF.
Growth, yield and crop quality performance of sugarcane cultivar
Co 957 under different rates of application of nitrogen and
potassium fertilizers
A. Y. ABAYOMI.
J. Agric. Sci,.,Camb.( 1987),1 09, 285-292
Plant growth characters such as growth rate, plant height and
stalk length, stalk thickness, number of green leaves per mother
shoot, leaf area and number of tillers did not show appreciable
effect due to potassium, except that growth rate at the first 6
weeks (trial 1, Table 2) and number of tillers at 16 weeks after
planting (trial 2, Table 4) were significantly increased and reduced
respectively by all levels of applied K.
However, Humbert (1968) indicated the importance ofthe effect
ofK on early growth characters. He reported that with adequate K,
senescence of older leaves is delayed, resulting in a greater total
leaf area from an increase in both number and size of leaves.
Similarly, stalk diarneter and the number of tillers were increased
with potash application (Borden, 1937 and Degade, 1976).
But in consonance with the observations in the present studies,
Gregory & Baptiste (1936) found that the number of leaves
produced on the main shoot of barley was independent of K
supply.
1. Degade, V.G.1976. Effect of potassium fertilization on yield and quality of
sugarcane. Indian Sugar 26 (4), 95-197
2. Gregory,F.G. & E.C.D. Baptiste . (1936). Physiological studies in plant nutrition
V. Carbohydrate metabolism in relation to nutrient deficiency and to age in
leaves of barley. Annls of Botany 50, 579.
Diunduh dari:
………http://unilorin.edu.ng/publications/abayomiya/Growth,%20Yield%20and%20Crop
%20Quality%20Performance%20of%20Sugarcane%20Cult.PDF.
Growth, yield and crop quality performance of sugarcane cultivar
Co 957 under different rates of application of nitrogen and
potassium fertilizers
A. Y. ABAYOMI.
J. Agric. Sci,.,Camb.( 1987),1 09, 285-292
Similar to the effects of N on crop quality, the percentage dry
matter and percentage sugar in juice were both reduced with
increase in potassium application. These reductions were,
however, significant only at the highest levels where the least
percentage dry matter and percentage sugar in juice were
obtained. This is in contrast to the results of other workers who
showed that potash applications improved cane quality (Borden,
1937; Innes, 1959; Innes & Chinloy, 1953; Azeredo et al. l98O)
1. Azeredo,D . F. De, Robina, A . A. & M.S. Manhales. (1980). Mineral fertilizing
(NPK) of plant cane in the States of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Garais Plana /
sucar (Brazil) 95, 19-28.
2. Borden, R.J. (1937). Cane growth studies.The effect of sunlight on the utilization
of nitrogen and potash by H 109 cane. Hawaiian Planters' Record,41:3-5.
3. Innes, R,. F. (1959) The potash manuring of sugarcane. Proceedings of the 10th
Congress of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists, pp 441-45O.
4. Innes, R.F. & T.Chinloy. (1953). The effects of fertilizers on sugarcane I. Potash
Jamaica Association of Sugar Technologists Journal 15, 1.
Diunduh dari:
………http://unilorin.edu.ng/publications/abayomiya/Growth,%20Yield%20and%20Crop
%20Quality%20Performance%20of%20Sugarcane%20Cult.PDF.
Fertilizer research
October 1989, Volume 20, Issue 3, pp 153-158
Timing potassium fertilizer applications to sugarcane in
Mauritius
K. F. Ng Kee Kwong, J. Deville
The influence of K fertilizer timing on yield and K nutrition of
sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid sp.) was investigated by field
experiments in Mauritius.
The data obtained showed that delaying all or half of the
recommended 150 Kg K/ha to coincide with the peak growth
period of sugarcane had no significant bearing on the yield and K
nutritional status of the sugarcane.
In areas with an annual rainfall less than 2000 mm per year, the K
requirement of as many as 6 sugarcane crops could be met by a
single application of K fertilizer banded in the rows at planting.
However in regions where rainfall exceeds 2000 mm per year,
yearly application of the required K is preferable to a large single
application of K fertilizer at planting.
Diunduh dari: ………. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01054550?LI=true
Plant Physiol. 1969 October; 44(10): 1461–1469.
Effect of Potassium Deficiency Upon Translocation of 14C in
Attached Blades and Entire Plants of Sugarcane.
Constance E. Hartt.
A deficiency in potassium decreased the translocation of labeled
photosynthate from the leaf to the rest of the plant.
Translocation was inhibited in blades which exhibited no visible
symptoms of potassium deficiency and in which no decrease in
photosynthesis was detected.
In more severe deficiency both the rate of photosynthesis and the
conversion of intermediates to end products decreased. The rate
of respiration in deficient blades increased.
The decrease in translocation caused by potassium deficiency is
considered to be a primary effect and not secondary to the
development of the well-known symptoms of potassium
deficiency.
Diunduh dari: ……….
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC396287/pdf/plntphys00215-0090.pdf
Plant Physiol. 1969 October; 44(10): 1461–1469.
Effect of Potassium Deficiency Upon Translocation of 14C in
Attached Blades and Entire Plants of Sugarcane.
Constance E. Hartt.
It is generallv accepted that a relationship exists between potassium and the
translocation of photosynthate. The evidence that potassium increases
translocation of photosvnthate, however, is not unan.mous, as shown by
Thomas (38).
In the era before radioactive carbon, several lines of investigation suggest'ed
that K deficiency decreases translocation (1, 6, 8, 30, 32,33). In sugarcane
plants deficient in K, a necrosis of the phloem. which might decrease
trans!ocation, was noted (9, 10).
Others have reported no effect of K upon tranlocation (31. 35). Tincker and
Darbishire (39) reported that K did not appear to aid translocation except in
nmoderate light. James (26) could not definitely show an effect of K upon
translocation. but suggested that K accelerated trans!ocation.
Gauclh (7) cautioned that the accumulation of carbohydrates of an
associated with K and other deficiencies may be only the indirect effect of the
deficiency with no direct connection between the element and translocation
of carbohydrates. Many linies of evidence are needed to establish a causal
relationship between an element and carbohydrate transport, according to
Gauch.
1.
7.
26.
ABUTALYDOV, M. G. AND S. PRAKTTMANOVA. 1965.. The effcct of
pholsphorus, magnesiunm. Potassium and calcium oln the cut-la)\w of sugars
from the leaves and their transport along the cortex of the stem. (in Russian).
Akad. 'Nauk Azerbaidzh. SSR, Baku. lzvestiia, Ser. Biol. Naukl 1: 3-14. (Biol.
Abs. 48: 93 7. 1967).
GAUCH. H. G. 1977. MineIral nutrition of plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physi 1. 8:
31-64.
JAMES, W.O. 1930. Studies of the physiological importance of the mineal
elemients in plants. 1. The relation of potassium to the properties and
functions of the leaf. AnnI. Botany 44: 173-93.
Diunduh dari: ……….
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC396287/pdf/plntphys00215-0090.pdf
Plant Physiol. 1969 October; 44(10): 1461–1469.
Effect of Potassium Deficiency Upon Translocation of 14C in
Attached Blades and Entire Plants of Sugarcane.
Constance E. Hartt.
Effect of K upon loss of 14C from the fed part. Plants of variety H
38-2915, age 8.5 months, had been grown in solutions for 5.5
months. Condition of plants at time of experiment: +K, vigorous,
and green; -K, leaves burned at tip and edges, and pale green.
Diunduh dari: ……….
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC396287/pdf/plntphys00215-0090.pdf
Plant Physiol. 1969 October; 44(10): 1461–1469.
Effect of Potassium Deficiency Upon Translocation of 14C in
Attached Blades and Entire Plants of Sugarcane.
Constance E. Hartt.
Effect of K upon translocation from the fed part, with the first
translocation interval shortened to 1.5 or 2 hr. (A) 24-hr test of
variety H 50-7209, aged 6.7 months and grown in solutions for
3.2 months. Condition of fed blade: +K, good green; -K, good
green but with narrow brown edges and dry at the tip. 14CO, (10
uc) was fed to a 20 cm length of blade 7.
Diunduh dari: ……….
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC396287/pdf/plntphys00215-0090.pdf
Plant Physiol. 1969 October; 44(10): 1461–1469.
Effect of Potassium Deficiency Upon Translocation of 14C in
Attached Blades and Entire Plants of Sugarcane.
Constance E. Hartt.
Effect of K upon translocatiofn down the blade; translocation
period was 30 min. Data concerning symptoms and feeding are
reported in the legend to table II. Plants had been grown in + and
- K solutions for 3 months. Velocity, cm per min: +K, 1.4; -K, 0.7.
(Velocity of +K measured at shorter intervals - 2.0 to 2.5 cm per
min.)
Diunduh dari: ……….
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC396287/pdf/plntphys00215-0090.pdf
Plant Physiol. 1969 October; 44(10): 1461–1469.
Effect of Potassium Deficiency Upon Translocation of 14C in
Attached Blades and Entire Plants of Sugarcane.
Constance E. Hartt.
Diunduh dari: ……….
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC396287/pdf/plntphys00215-0090.pdf
Refining foliar diagnosis of potassium status of sugar cane defining site - specific optimum leaf potassium levels.
Ng Kee Kwong, K. F.; Chong Shin Sen, P.
Revue Agricole et Sucrière de l'Île Maurice. 2000 Vol. 79 No. 1 pp. 36-41
As sugar cane response to potassium (K) fertilization is influenced
by environmental factors such as moisture, a single optimum leaf
K concentration cannot be valid for all locations in Mauritius.
Consequently, the optimum leaf K concentration specific to the
main soil families in each factory area has been established by
the boundary line approach using the yield and leaf K data sets
collected since 1989 from the permanent sampling units (PSUs).
The results obtained showed that the location-specific optimum
leaf K concentration covered the narrow range of 1.00 to 1.30 K%
d.m. with most of the values being restricted between 1.10 to 1.30
K% d.m. In view of the variability introduced during field sampling
of the leaves, and during laboratory analysis together with the
uncertainty caused by the irregular variation of leaf K
concentration with age of sugar cane, a single optimum leaf K
level of 1.20% d.m. can continue to be used for the diagnosis of K
status of sugar cane in Mauritius except in the M2, T3/T4, L4 soil
families as well as in the P1 soils of Médine factory area and in
P2 soils of Mon Trésor factory area.
In these soil families an optimum leaf K concentration of 1.00%
d.m. will more accurately reflect the K status of sugar cane
thereby avoiding overfertilization with K fertilizers.
Diunduh dari: ………http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20013077169.html.
EFFECT OF K2O LEVELS AND ITS APPLICATION TIME ON
GROWTH AND YIELD OF SUGARCANE
Abdul Ghaffar, M. Farrukh Saleem, Asghar Ali and Atta
Muhammad Ranjha.
J. Agric. Res., 2010, 48(3). 315-325
In a study conducted at Sugarcane Research Institute, AARI,
Faisalabad, Pakistan during the year 2006 and 2007, four K2O
levels (0, 112, 168 and 224 kg/ha) were applied to sugarcane crop
at three different times i.e. at sowing, 90 days after sowing (DAS)
and half at sowing + half at 90 DAS. Layout system was RCBD
with three replications having a net plot size of 6 x 8 meter.
The results revealed significant differences among all treatment
means except germination percentage and number of shoots.
K2O @ 168 kg in two splits; half at sowing + half at 90 DAS
produced maximum cane length (305 and 290 cm), number of
millable canes (13.0 and 12.7/m2) and stripped cane yield (116
and 107 tons/ha). during the year 2006 and 2007, respectively.
A positive and strong relationship was observed between stripped
cane yield and number of shoots, cane length, cane girth and
number of millable canes.
Diunduh dari: ………. http://www.jar.com.pk/admin/upload/34__315Paper-No.5.pdf
EFFECT OF K2O LEVELS AND ITS APPLICATION TIME ON GROWTH
AND YIELD OF SUGARCANE
Abdul Ghaffar, M. Farrukh Saleem, Asghar Ali and Atta Muhammad Ranjha.
J. Agric. Res., 2010, 48(3). 315-325
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is one of the important cash crops
of Pakistan. It is grown on an area of 1.241 million hectares with a total
annual stripped cane production of 63.92 million tons with an average
stripped cane yield of 51.51 tons per hectare. Important factors
responsible for low yield of sugarcane in Pakistan include scarcity of
irrigation water, low plant population per unit area and untimely,
imbalanced as well as inadequate use of fertilizers especially K2O.
Sugarcane is a long duration and exhaustive crop that requires high
quantity of nutrients heavily. Sugarcane production of 100 tons per
hectare removes 207 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and 233 kg K2O from the soil
(11).
Therefore, these elements must be present in adequate quantities in the
root zone of crop for attaining higher yield. A big gap exists between
attainable cane yield potential (300 t/ha) and average national harvested
yield (49 t/ha) of existing cane varieties (17).
The growth and yield of sugarcane primarily depends on fertility status of
the soil, climate, genetic potential of cultivars and proper management of
the crop including application of fertilizer at appropriate rate and time.
11.
17.
Jagtap, S. M., M. B. Jadhav and R. V. Kulkarni. 2006. Effect of levels of
NPK on yield and quality of suru sugarcane (cv. Co. 7527). Indian Sugar.
56 (7): 35-40.
Majid, A. 2007. Sugarcane variety composition in Pakistan. Pak. Sug. J. 22
(2): 2-21.
Diunduh dari: ………. http://www.jar.com.pk/admin/upload/34__315Paper-No.5.pdf
EFFECT OF K2O LEVELS AND ITS APPLICATION TIME ON GROWTH
AND YIELD OF SUGARCANE
Abdul Ghaffar, M. Farrukh Saleem, Asghar Ali and Atta Muhammad Ranjha.
J. Agric. Res., 2010, 48(3). 315-325
Number of tillers
The data on number of tillers also showed non-significant effect of K2O levels and
its time of application. However, maximum number of tillers (19.7 and 20.1/m2
during year 2006 and 2007) were recorded in T7 (84 kg K2O/ha at sowing + 84 kg
K2O/ha at 90 DAS) against minimum (16.5/m2 during 2006 and 16.6/m2 during
2007) in T1. The year effect on number of tillers was also non-significant.
Significantly maximum number of tillers per square meter was observed by Rathore
et al. (21) at higher dose of 100 kg K2O applied in two splits. Similarly Bokhtiar et al.
(8) and Jeyaraman and Alagudurai (12) recorded significant effect of different K2O
rates and noted maximum number of tillers upto 160 and 132.5 kg K2O per hectare,
respectively.
In present study similar number of tillers was produced during both years. These
results are in accordance with those of previous workers (6, 9, 18) who also found
non-significant effect of different K2O levels on number of tillers. The correlation
analysis showed a strong and positive association between number of shoots and
stripped cane yield during both years. It was also supported by regression model
which indicated the dependence of stripped cane yield on number of tillers.
6. Aslam, M. and A. A. Chattha. 2005. Contribution of potash in increasing sugarcane
productivity. Pak. Sug. J. 20 (1): 6-8.
8. Bokhtiar, S. M., G. C. Paul, A. B. M. Mafizur Rahman and M. M. Alam. 2002.
Response of NPK and S on the growth and yield of sugarcane grown in the
calcareous dark grey floodplain soils of Bangladesh. Pak. Sug. J. 17 (1): 16-21.
9. Gawander, J. S., P. Gangaiya and R. J. Morrison. 2004. Potassium responses and
budgets in the growth of sugarcane in Fiji. Sugar Int. 22 (1): 3-8.
12. Jeyaraman, S. and S. Alagudurai. 2003. Nitrogen and potassium management for
yield maximization in sugarcane. Indian Sugar. 52 (12): 987-989.
18. Patel, M. L., D. R. Delvadia, L. N. Bariya and R. A. Patel. 2004. Influence of
nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on growth, quality, yield and economics of
sugarcane cv. CO-N-91132 in middle Gujrat conditions. Indian Sugar. 54 (8): 587592.
21. Rathore, O. P., H. D. Verma and G. K. Nema. 1996. Effect of potassium application
on growth, yield and quality of sugarcane. Indian Sugar. 46 (8): 665-668.
Diunduh dari: ………. http://www.jar.com.pk/admin/upload/34__315Paper-No.5.pdf
EFFECT OF K2O LEVELS AND ITS APPLICATION TIME ON GROWTH
AND YIELD OF SUGARCANE
Abdul Ghaffar, M. Farrukh Saleem, Asghar Ali and Atta Muhammad Ranjha.
J. Agric. Res., 2010, 48(3). 315-325
Diunduh dari: ………. http://www.jar.com.pk/admin/upload/34__315Paper-No.5.pdf
EFFECT OF K2O LEVELS AND ITS APPLICATION TIME ON GROWTH
AND YIELD OF SUGARCANE
Abdul Ghaffar, M. Farrukh Saleem, Asghar Ali and Atta Muhammad Ranjha.
J. Agric. Res., 2010, 48(3). 315-325
Number of millable canes
Effect of K2O levels and its application time on number of millable canes was
significant over control treatment (T1) while all other treatments showed
nonsignificant difference with each other during both years. Maximum number of
millable canes (13.0/m2 during 2006 and 12.7/m2 during 2007) was recorded in T7
(84 kg K2O at sowing + 84 kg K2O/ha at 90 DAS) against minimum in T1 (10.1/m2
during 2006 and 9.7/m2 during 2007).
These results agree to those of many workers (6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 21) while Hussain et
al. (10), Ahmad et al. (2) and Singha (22) do not endorse the present findings who
observed nonsignificant effect of K2O on number of millable canes.
A positive and linear correlation between number of millable canes and stripped
cane yield was observed during the year 2006 and 2007 which was further
supported by regression model and showed dependence of stripped cane yield on
number of millable canes.
2.
7.
8.
9.
12.
21.
22.
Ahmad, M. S., G. Muhammad, M. Aslam and K. B. Malik. 1993. Effect of different
levels and application times of potash fertilizer on the growth and yield of sugarcane.
Pak. Sug. J. 7 (4): 3-6.
Bangar, K. S. and S. R. Sharma. 1995. Studies on the response of sugarcane to
potassium and methods of application on medium block soils of Madhya Pradesh.
Indian J. Sug. Tech. 10 (1): 6-9.
Bokhtiar, S. M., G. C. Paul, A. B. M. Mafizur Rahman and M. M. Alam. 2002.
Response of NPK and S on the growth and yield of sugarcane grown in the
calcareous dark grey floodplain soils of Bangladesh. Pak. Sug. J. 17 (1): 16-21.
Gawander, J. S., P. Gangaiya and R. J. Morrison. 2004. Potassium responses and
budgets in the growth of sugarcane in Fiji. Sugar Int. 22 (1): 3-8.
Jeyaraman, S. and S. Alagudurai. 2003. Nitrogen and potassium management for
yield maximization in sugarcane. Indian Sugar. 52 (12): 987-989.
Rathore, O. P., H. D. Verma and G. K. Nema. 1996. Effect of potassium application on
growth, yield and quality of sugarcane. Indian Sugar. 46 (8): 665-668.
Singha, D. D. 2002. Nutrient requirement and time of application for sugarcane seed
crop. Indian Sugar. 51 (12): 875-880.
Diunduh dari: ………. http://www.jar.com.pk/admin/upload/34__315Paper-No.5.pdf
EFFECT OF K2O LEVELS AND ITS APPLICATION TIME ON GROWTH
AND YIELD OF SUGARCANE
Abdul Ghaffar, M. Farrukh Saleem, Asghar Ali and Atta Muhammad Ranjha.
J. Agric. Res., 2010, 48(3). 315-325
Sugar yield
Sugar yield was also significantly affected by K2O levels and its application
time during both years of experimentation. During 2006, maximum sugar
yield (14.7 t/ha) was recorded in T7 (84 kg K2O at sowing + 84 kg K2O/ha
at 90 DAS), which was statistically at par with all other treatments except
control (T1) (7.7 t). During 2007, T10 (112 kg K2O/ha at sowing + 112 kg
K2O/ha at 90 DAS) excelled in sugar yield (14.1 t/ha) against minimum (7.4
t/ha) in control treatment. Maximum sugar yield could be ascribed to higher
stripped cane yield and CCS percent.
Rathore et al. (21), Akhtar et al. (3) and Gawander et al. (9) also recorded
higher sugar yield with increased rate of K2O.
3.
9.
21.
Akhtar, M., C. S. Rafiq, M. E. Akhtar, M. Z. Khan and B. Khurram. 2000. Effect
of varying phosphorus and potash levels on agronomic traits and productivity
of sugarcane. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 3 (5): 852-853.
Gawander, J. S., P. Gangaiya and R. J. Morrison. 2004. Potassium responses
and budgets in the growth of sugarcane in Fiji. Sugar Int. 22 (1): 3-8.
Rathore, O. P., H. D. Verma and G. K. Nema. 1996. Effect of potassium
application on growth, yield and quality of sugarcane. Indian Sugar. 46 (8):
665-668.
Diunduh dari: ………. http://www.jar.com.pk/admin/upload/34__315Paper-No.5.pdf
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…. Wassalam…..
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