Transcript lect2 415 phg last.pptx

Aloe barbadensis (aloe vera)
Family: Liliaceae
Aloe produces two substances, gel and latex, which are used for
medicines:
- Aloe gel is the clear, jelly-like substance found
in the inner part of the aloe plant leaf.
- Aloe latex comes from just under the plant's skin
and is yellow in color.
Some aloe products are made from the whole crushed leaf, so they
contain both gel and latex.
Active constituents:
- Hydroxyanthracene derivatives (principally barbaloin)
- Aloe-emodin
- Chromone derivatives.
- Polysaccharide
- Steroids
- Organic acids
- Saponins
- Vitamins
Pharmacological Actions:
Aloe gel:
- Most people use aloe gel topically, as a remedy for skin conditions
including: burns, sunburn, psoriasis, and cold sores.
-Some people also use aloe gel to help surgical wounds and bedsores
heal faster.
Some chemicals in aloe gel seem to be able to increase circulation
in the tiny blood vessels in the skin, as well as kill bacteria. Together,
these effects suggest that aloe gel might be effective in speeding
wound healing.
Clinical investigations suggest that Aloe Vera Gel preparations accelerate wound
healing:
"In vivo" studies have demonstrated that Aloe Gel promotes wound healing by
directly stimulating the activity of macrophages and fibroblasts.
Fibroblast has been reported to increase both collagen and proteoglycan synthesis,
thereby promoting tissue repair.
Polysaccharides (mannose) in the aloe gel is responsible for the wound healing
properties of the gel
Aloe latex:
- Some people take aloe latex by mouth as:
- Laxative
- Emmenagogue
- Digestive stimulant
But taking aloe latex by mouth is likely unsafe, especially at high
doses. Aloe latex is hard on the kidneys and could lead to serious
kidney disease and even death.
A number of years ago, the FDA became concerned about the safety of
aloe latex, which was an ingredient in many laxatives.
Taking aloe latex by mouth can reduce constipation. It takes about 10 hours
to cause a bowel movement. With continued use, increasing doses are
needed for the same laxative effect. That’s because aloe latex causes a loss
of K+ from cells lining the intestine. This results in a kind of paralysis of the
walls of the intestine, making a bowel movement difficult. Taking large
doses of aloe latex or using for a long time can be dangerous. That’s why
the FDA took laxatives that contained aloe latex off the market in 2002.
In 1994, the US Food and Drug Administration approved
Aloe vera for the treatment of HIV.
On-going studies worldwide show that taken in highly
concentrated doses can stimulate the production of white
blood cells that may help fight viruses.
Side effects :
Aloe gel is likely safe when applied to the skin and possible safe when
taken by mouth in adults.
Aloe latex is possible unsafe at any dose:
-Aloe latex can cause some side effects such as:
- Stomach pain and cramps.
- Long-term use of large amounts of aloe latex might cause diarrhea
- kidney problems
- Blood in the urine
- Low potassium
- Muscle weakness
- Weight loss
Taking aloe latex 1 gm /day for several days can be fatal.
Special precautions & warnings:
•Pregnancy or breast-feeding: Aloe stimulates uterine contractions. It
should be avoided during pregnancy. As aloe is excreted in the breast
milk is best avoided during breast feeding as it may act as a purgative on
the baby.
Diabetes: Some research suggests aloe might lower blood sugar. If you
take aloe by mouth and you have diabetes, monitor your blood sugar
levels closely.
Kidney problems: High doses of aloe latex have been linked to kidney
failure and other serious conditions.
Surgery: Aloe might affect blood sugar levels and could
interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgery.
Stop taking aloe at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Drug Interactions
Aloe latex may interact with several drugs including:
- Blood sugar regulating drugs
- Blood thinners (warfarin, Heparin)
- Diuretics
- Digoxin (Lanoxin),
- Blood pressure medications.
- Aloe latex taken simultaneously with any other pill may inhibit
the body's absorption of the pill because aloe latex travels through
the intestines so rapidly.
Dosage:
By mouth
Applied to the skin:
•Aloe vera gel can be found in hundreds of skin products, including
lotions and sun blocks.
Saw Palmetto
Saw Palmetto consists of the ripe, dried fruit of
(Serenoa repens)
Family: Arecaceae
Part of use:
The berries are the part of the plant used.
The berries are gathered in autumn to mid winter.
Chemistry
- Fatty oil with fatty acids
- Steroids
- Flavonoids
- Polysaccharides.
Pharmacological action:
•Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
When men begin to experience difficulty in urination or more frequent
urge to urinate (excessive urination), this medical condition is termed
benign prostatic hyperplasia.
- Saw palmetto block the enzyme responsible for converting free
testosterone to the toxic dihydrotestosterone (DHT) molecule & it
acts as an alpha-adrenergic receptor inhibitor, reducing frequent
nighttime urination, and inflammatory actions in the prostate gland.
Saw palmetto improve benign prostatic hyperplasia by
counteracting inflammation, muscle spasms, and edema of the
prostate
Uses
• Approved by Commission E:
- Prostate complain
Note: The Commission E monograph states,
"This medication relieves only the symptoms
associated with an enlarged prostate without
reducing the enlargement.
Contraindications: None known.
Side Effects: Gastrointestinal tract upset
Use During Pregnancy and Lactation: Not recommended due to its
potential hormonal effcet.
Many modern clinical trials corroborate the ability of saw palmetto
extract (SPE) to improve the signs and symptoms of BPH, for which
it is a first-line treatment in much of Europe.
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
‫حرشف بري‬, ‫ شوك الدمن‬,‫كعيب‬, ‫خرفيش شوكة مريم‬
Family: Asteracae
Part used: Seed
Active constituents:
Silymarin (isomeric mixture of flavonolignans): is a powerful
substance composed of three flavanoid molecules (silybin, silychristin
and silydianin)
Primary used:
• Liver health
• Protection against harmful chemicals, drugs, and pollution
• Digestive aid
• Acute and chronic hepatitis
• Alcoholic and other liver damage
• Gallbladder symptoms
silybin
silychristin
silydianin
BENEFITS
• Protects the liver from damage by:
- Guarding liver cell membranes
- Acts as a powerful antioxidant in the liver, stomach, and intestines
* silymarin, acts as a powerful antioxidant, combining with and thus
neutralizing harmful free radicals that result from normal metabolic
processes and from the breakdown of toxic substances.
*silymarin also helps increase levels of two additional antioxidants,
glutathione and superoxid dismutase (SOD)
- Milk
Thistle helps repair and regenerate liver cells by stimulating
protein synthesis
Recent evidence suggests that the constituent silybin may be responsible for
stimulating protein synthesis. Milk thistle's regenerative ability is essential
for treating serious conditions such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and toxic
fatty deposits in the liver.
•Aids digestion and elimination by stimulating the flow of bile
(needed to break down fats)
International Status
Milk thistle seeds are approved in the German Commission E
Monographs as:
• A supportive treatment for inflammatory liver conditions such as
cirrhosis, hepatitis, and fatty infiltration caused by alcohol and other
toxins.
Health practitioners also prescribe Milk Thistle to treat a variety of
problems you might not normally connect with liver health, including :
- Poor digestion
- Female hormonal problems
- Constipation
- Mood disorders
- Hemorrhoids
- Varicose veins
- Atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries)
- Skin conditions such as psoriasis.
SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
One of the best-studied herbs, Milk Thistle has been the subject
of more than 300 clinical and laboratory trials.
In cases of acute hepatitis:
Milk Thistle extract helps people recover more quickly and prevents the
condition from becoming chronic. Improvement is often apparent within 5
days, and even greater benefits are seen after 3 weeks.
Milk thistle is also useful for treating chronic hepatitis
When taken over a period of 3 to 12 months. Studies show that it can help
reverse liver cell damage, normalize elevated levels of liver enzymes, and
improve symptoms such as abdominal discomfort, decreased appetite, and
fatigue.
Exciting breakthrough research suggests possible antioxidant benefits
in another area: skin cancer:
•A number of preliminary laboratory investigations indicated that
silymarin could reduce the rate of tumor formation and tumor size.
Another area of current research is Milk Thistle's possible anti-allergenic
effects:
•In vitro research indicates that silymarin may help prevent allergic
reactions by inhibiting the release of histamine.
SAFETY
Milk thistle has been safely used as a food herb and medicine .
Side effects:
No side effects have been reported during clinical trials.
Milk thistle may initially have a mild laxative effect in certain people
because of its stimulating effects on bile secretion.
Contraindications:
• Milk thistle is considered safe for use during pregnancy and has a long
history of use by nursing women.
• As the name suggest this is an excellent promoter of milk production
and is safe to be used by nursing mothers.
• People with diabetes who are taking Milk Thistle should carefully
monitor their blood glucose and may require reduction in standard
antihyperglycemic agents.
Drug interactions: None known.
STANDARDIZATION
Milk thistle is typically standardized to contain 70 to 80% silymarin.
INGREDIENTS
Each capsule contains 125mg of pure Milk Thistle extract
DOSAGE
Recommended use for adults: 1 capsule, 3 times a day.