Transcript pharmacy history 34..

Pharmacy History
222 PHCL
Pharmacy history
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Objectives:
Brief overview of profession roots.
Study history from its origin in ancient Babylonia up to the
present day.
Notes
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BC vs. AD.
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The Middle Ages is a period from the 5th until the 15th
centuries.
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The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500.
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Fifteenth century was the century from 1401 to 1500.
Pharmacy events before the middle ages
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For as long as the human species has encountered disease,
injury, and illness, people have sought relief.
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Empirically based
trial and error.
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Knowledge based
facts , comprehension.
Pharmacy events before the middle ages
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Pharmacy in ancient times
 People used the water, plants and earth around them for
soothing compresses on wounds and ailments.
Pharmacy events before the middle ages
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Babylon often called the cradle of civilization, provides the
earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary.
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Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.) were
priest, pharmacist and physician.
Sumerian clay cuneiform tablets
Some oldest pharmacy records are found in Sumerian clay cuneiform
tablets that date about 2000 B.C.
 Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the
prescription and directions for compounding.
Sumerian clay cuneiform tablets
Symbols that appear in the
'world's oldest prescription'
Pharmacy events before the middle ages
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Pharmacy in ancient times
 An ancient china (2000 B.C), emperor Shen Nung
investigated the medical properties of hundreds of herbs.
Pharmacy events before the middle ages
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Pharmacy in ancient China: The emperor Shen Nung:
 He recorded and documented 365 native herbal in a book
called Shen Nung Pen Ts'ao Ching .
Shen Nung Pen Tsao Ching
Pharmacy events before the middle ages
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Pharmacy in ancient times
 Egyptian priest, prepared medicines.
 The Ebers papyrus, which dates from
1900-1100 B.C, is the best known
pharmaceutical record from ancient history.
 It contains 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs.
 Many modern dosage forms are referred to in the Ebers
papyrus (gargles, snuffs, inhalations, suppositories…..)
Ebers papyrus
Pharmacy events before the middle ages
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Pharmacy in ancient times
 Ancient Greece: The father of botany, Theophrastus (300 B.C)
has observations about the medicinal qualities of herbs.
Pharmacy events before the middle ages
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Pharmacy in ancient times
 Hippocrates formulated the theory of the Four humors: four
human that parallel the four elements:
 (air- blood, water- phlegm, earth-black bile, fire- yellow bile).
 He surmised that disease was caused by an imbalance of these bad
humors
Pharmacy events before the middle ages
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In ancient Rome:
 Galen (AD 130-200) practiced and taught medicine and
pharmacy.
 He developed principles of preparing and compounding
medicinal agents that were followed for 1500 years
 The world galenicals refer to medicinal agents derived from
natural sources that are prepared mechanically.
Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
Pharmaceutical knowledge- and the number
of drugs available- grew considerably.
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Thanks primarily to the Arab world.
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Pharmacy as a separate activity began to develop and privately
owned pharmacies were established in Islamic lands.
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First known apothecary shop was opened in Baghdad in the 8th
century, and the Muslims carried this concept into Europe during
wars and other excursions into Africa, Spain, southern France.
Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
Pharmacy events during middle ages
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Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
 Ibn Sina (circa 980-1037)- Avicenna- intellectual giant, he was a
physician, poet, philosopher, companion of Persian princes and
rulers.
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His Canon of Medicine brought together the best knowledge of
the Greeks and Arabs into a single medical text.
Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
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German emperor Frederick II issued an edict in about 1240
that legally separated pharmacy from medicine in southern
Italy and Sicily
Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
 German emperor Frederick II: The edict contained three decrees:
1. The pharmaceutical profession was to be separated from the
medical profession.
2. The pharmaceutical profession should be supervised officially.
3. Pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs reliably,
according to skilled art, and in uniform suitable quality.
The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too
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Following the middle ages, many parts of European society
Reexamined the Greek and roman tenets that they had held as a
fact.
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Among the ideas that failed to stand up were the humoral pathology
concepts of Hippocrates.
The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too
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The Swiss physician Parcelsus (1493-1541) introduced two ideas:
Disease might be localized in a specific organ, and some
conditions could be treated internally using the chemical properties
of medicinal agents.
Some plants contained minute quantities of active chemical which
could be removed by making tincture, extracts.
The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too
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In the 16th and 17th centuries believed that disease was produced
through imbalance of acid and alkaline substances in the body.
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Homeopathy, treatment of diseases with substances that produced
similar symptoms as did the disease.
Pharmacy in the united states: The early days
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Progress in organic, inorganic chemistry, immunology, and
chemotherapy began to change pharmacy from empirically based
profession to a knowledge- based one.
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Four types of pharmacies could be found in the Americas by the
18th century: the dispensing physician, the apothecary shop, the
general store, and the wholesale druggist.
Pharmacy in the united states: The early days
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The dispensing physician The physician would be the prescriber as well as the
provider of medication.
 Dispensing physicians became Less and less common,
dying out around the end of the nineteenth century.
 They have made a comeback, with some physicians
establishing dispensing rooms in their offices as an
additional profit center.
Pharmacy in the united states: The early days
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The apothecary shop was responsible for the compounding,
formulating and dispensing medicines to the physician, surgeon, and
patients.
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The general store- these stores were stocked with goods needed by
everyone.
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The wholesale druggist- Intermediaries in the chain between
manufacturers and retail outlets such as pharmacies.
Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century
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Wholesale druggists and individual apothecaries began
manufacturing And selling chemical in the late 1700s; this was the
basis for the later establishment of pharmaceutical companies.
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Manufacturing of drugs using newly discovered principles of
chemistry.
Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century
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Microbial basis of many disease.
 Smallpox
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vaccine of Jenner.
A German chemist, Friedrich Adam, first isolates the drug
morphine from opium and therapy created recognition of the
alkaloids as a distinct class of medicinal agents.
Pharmacy in the united states: The
nineteenth century
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The first Pharmacopeia of the united States was published in
1820.
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What is a pharmacopeia? A pharmacopeia is a Books listing drugs
and other medical devices, including standards for their
preparation and analysis.
Pharmacy in the united states: The
nineteenth century
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The phrase “USP” at the end of drug names today denotes that
the product compiles with the standards set by the United
States Pharmacopeial Convention, which continues to meet
every five years to revise standards for the nation’s drugs.
1821 the Philadelphia college of pharmacy was founded, 1st
pharmacy organization in the united states.
Twentieth century pharmacy
If the preparation of medicine is taken from the apothecary and
he becomes merely the dispenser of them , his business is shorn
of half its dignity ,and he relapses into a s simple shopkeeper.
Twentieth century Pharmacy
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By the twentieth century, the pharmaceutical industry had begun to
make an impact on the daily lives of pharmacists.
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Companies were formed which mass produced various mixtures and
compounds.
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The amount of products being produced ready to dispense were
increasing.
Twentieth century Pharmacy
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During world war II, the military had an urgent need for penicillin
which had lain dormant in Fleming's laboratory for ten years.
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Post World War II pharmaceutical industry began producing drugs that
were much more powerful and specific than those available
previously.
Twentieth century Pharmacy
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The effect of this on pharmacists was twofold:
1. The art of compounding rapidly became less important, as
most prescriptions could be filled with manufactured
dosage forms.
2. The knowledge about the drugs, their MOA, and their SE
became much more complicated.
Twentieth century Pharmacy
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Pharmacy had already encountered problems during the first half of
the twentieth century in maintaining or gaining recognition as a
profession.
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pharmacists were not recognized as professional by the military.
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Pharmacy had responded in 1932 by standardizing pharmacy school
curricula as four-year programs.
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A major challenge for the leaders of pharmacy lay in store during the
latter half of the twenties century.
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Thank you