Special Nutritional Needs

Foods I Obj. 4.02

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Refer to picture  Each person requires a different amount of nutrients and food

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Stages of the Life Cycle 

Pregancy

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Lactation

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Infancy (0-12 months)

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Toddler (1-3 years)

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Preschool (3+ years)

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School-aged

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Teen-aged

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Adults

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Older Adults (50+ years)

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Pregnancy       Choosing low-fat, nutrient dense foods  Increase calories based on Dr’s recommendation Extra helpings of dairy items Reduce Caffeine intake Iron needs to double Folic acid—Why?

Contaminants in foods can cause problems  Fish (tuna, swordfish, etc.)

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Pregnancy    Poor eating habits place the baby at risk for serious problems Inadequate nutrition can damage the mother’s health also.

 Baby pulls nutrients from mother’s supply Teen pregnancy   Teens need added nutrients for their own growth and development Increase in low birth weight, physical, and learning problems

Lactation—Feeding Your Child

 

Nutritional Needs

  Increase water, calcium, protein, folic acid. Increase calories based upon body weight .

Foods to Avoid

 Eat no more than two meals per week of fish high in mercury.

Eating Through the Life Cycle

   Infancy 

(0-12 months)

The infant body grows more at this period of time than any other in life.

Good nutrition is critical for keeping the infant healthy.

Eating Through the Life Cycle

  Infancy Breast-feeding vs. Bottle-feeding  Both provide all the nutrients needed   Yet, breast milk is recommended  Why?

– This milk has the right balance of fat, carbs, and protein for the baby.

– Lowers the rate of infections – Mother passes immunities to baby through colostrum Lactation  Mother is burning calories while producing milk therefore she still needs to eat nutritiously.

– Watch out for spicy foods, acidic foods, etc.

– No alcohol or drugs!!!

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Infancy   4-6 months--Add solid foods—mash, iron-fortified cereal Introduce one food at a time—Why?

 9 months—self feeding  Example of finger foods.  Watch for food allergies these could be deadly

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 

Infancy Foods to Avoid

 Avoid honey or corn syrup.

    Beware of choking risks. Eat no more than two meals per week of fish high in mercury.

Withhold juice until 6 months of age.

Need whole milk for infants up to two years of age

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Toddler 

(1-3 years)

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Nutritional Needs

– Increase iron.

– Introduce new flavors and textures in order to increase the variety of foods.

– Increase self-feeding. This becomes an important developmental milestone.

 Foods to Avoid     Eat no more than two meals per week of fish high in mercury.

No hot dogs, nuts, seeds, chunks of meat or cheese, whole grapes, hard, gooey, or sticky candy, popcorn, chunks or peanut butter, raw vegetables, raisins, or chewing gum.

No more than 16-24 ounces of milk or 4-6 ounces of juice/day.

Servings should be ¼ size of adults.

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 

Preschool

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(3+ years) Nutritional Needs

  Need same variety of foods as adults but in smaller proportions.

Serve about 2/3 of a serving.

 Entice them with foods that are bright in color, to make it more appealing.

 Encourage children to try new foods.

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Pre-school   Children have small stomachs and short attention spans  Try small meals and regular snacks throughout the day Appetite varies depending on growth  During growth spurts they may eat more

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 School-aged      2 nd most rapid growth period of life Need for calcium and iron for bone growth is of most importance Like toddlers, teens have growth spurts—increase in caloric needs Continue healthy eating habits Dieting, losing weight, etc can be harmful

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 School Age   Girls need 2200 kcal per day Boys need 2800 kcal per day  Foods to Avoid  High-sugar snacks  Fatty foods

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Teens 

Nutritional Needs

 Eat more carbohydrates.

 Females need more calcium and iron.



Foods to Avoid

 Avoid fried and saturated fats, excessive salt and sugars.

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Adulthood   Dilemma  Need for nutrients but less calories  Need for exercise but no time Solution  Choosing a variety of healthful, low-calorie food  Making regular physical activity a priority

Eating Through the Life Cycle

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Older Adults

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(50+ years) Nutritional Needs

 More vitamin B6, B12, and vitamin D and calcium.

 Follow dietary guideline daily .

Foods to Avoid   Eat no more than two meals per week of fish high in mercury. No unpasteurized cheese, raw fish, raw milk, soft cheese, lightly cooked egg, raw meat or poultry or raw sprouts.

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Older Adults  Good nutrition = longer life  Why   Should choose nutrient-dense foods Thirst signals decline therefore adults need make sure to get 8-8oz cups a day

Eating Through the Life Cycle

 Older adults    Men over 51 need 2300 calories per day Women over 51 need 1900 calories per day Problems  Low income   Disabilities Depression

Foods I—Obj. 4.02 Nutrition and Chronic Conditions

5.02F Nutrition and Chronic Conditions 21

Nutrition and Chronic Conditions

•

The following chronic conditions may be affected by managing ones eating patterns include:

 

High Blood Cholesterol Hypertension/High blood pressure

  

Obesity Diabetes Osteoporosis

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Eating Disorders

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Anorexia Nervosa

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Bulimia Nervosa

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Binge Eating

Special Diets— High Blood Pressure

 A risk factor for heart disease  1# killer of women in US  Reduce sodium and saturated fats  Diet rich in calcium, potassium, and magnesium

Special Diets— High cholesterol

    Causes  Eating Fatty (saturated fats) foods   Eating High cholesterol foods Lack of Fiber in the diet  Increase risk of heart disease and stroke Symptoms   Elevated blood pressure Elevated HDL/LDL levels Foods to include     Low-fat or Fat-free Whole grains Lean meats Fish Fresh fruits and vegetables  Foods to avoid    Partially hydrogenated oils Processed snack foods Highly marbled meats

Special Diets—Diabetes—Type II

 What is it?

   A condition in which the body cannot control blood sugar levels If left untreated it can cause severe damage to the body—especially the kidneys, eyes, and heart To control—carbs are rationed through regular meals and careful food choices    

Causes

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Eating foods high in sugar

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Excessive body weight Low consumption of fiber Symptoms

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Excessive thirst Fatigue Foods to include

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Low-sugar and sugar-free

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Protein foods Whole grains Reduced-fat and fat-free Foods to avoid

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Foods that are high in sugar

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Foods that are high in carbohydrates

Obesity

  65% of all adults are overweight Number of children under the age of 18 who are overweight has doubled in the last 30 years  Why?

Obesity

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Foods to Include

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Smaller portions

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Reduced-fat or fat free Whole grains

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Fish Fresh fruits and vegetables Foods that Impact

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Highly processed snack foods Low-fiber content High-fat foods

Portions

Obesity

 Health problems      Excess weight = added strain on bones, muscles, and internal organs Walking and breathing take extra effort Heat and humidity increase stress High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, certain types of cancers Over 15# can raise chance of early death

Fad Diets

 A diet that is popular for a short period of time   Cabbage Diet South Beach Diet  Fad Diets

Ideal Body Myth

    Fashion model (female)  5’10’’ 120# Average female  5’4” 152# Fashion model (male)  6’0” 155# Average male  5’9” 180#  Barbie Measurements

Barbie’s Proportions

 “Real Women        Average woman’s height is 5′4″ Their weight is approx. 140 lbs.

They wear a size 14 dress Their bust is between 36″ and 37″ (B cup) Their waist is between 30″ and 34″ Their hips average between 40″ and 42″ Their shoe size is estimated to be between 8.5 and 9.5



Barbie (as a human)

       Barbie’s height would be 7′2″ Her weight would be 101 lbs.

She would wear a size 4 dress Her bust would be 39″ (FF cup) Her waist would be 19″ (same as her head) Her hips would be 33″ Her shoe size would be a 5

Additional Information

    Barbie’s body would have room for only half of a liver and only a few inches of intestines   As opposed to the usual 26 feet. The result: chronic diarrhea and death from malabsorption & malnutrition.

Barbie’s neck is twice as long as the average humans  Making it impossible to hold up her head.

Barbie’s waist is the same

circumference as her head.

There are 3 billion women on

the planet who don’t look

like Barbie; only 8 women come close.

    To look like a barbie proportionally, a healthy woman would need to 

add 2 feet to her height,

  

subtract 6 inches from her waist, add 5 inches to her chest, and 3 inches to her neck length.

If a woman had the same measurements as Barbie, she would

not have enough body fat to

menstruate (and obviously to have children).

Barbie’s legs are 50% longer than her arms, whereas the average woman’s legs are only 20% longer than her arms.

Barbie would be unable to walk upright (she would need to

walk on all 4’s):  Her feet are so proportionately small that her chest would pull her perpetually forward onto her toes.”

Why are these unreal for the “average” American?

  Body’s type is combination of general body shape and height Determined by parents through genes  Models achieve “ideals” through strict diets, exercise, and photo touch ups.

 How do they do it?

  Dove clip – Evolution--Dove Can you tell the difference?

Underweight

  Who?

 Models, jockeys, wrestlers, etc.

Problem  Not eating enough nutrients to meet body’s needs

Underweight

 Health problems  Suffer from infections   Tire easily Cold  Why?

Eating Disorders

  Conditions marked by extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors related to food, eating, and weight.

May cause damage to health or threaten life

Anorexia Nervosa

   An intense fear of gaining weight—see self as fat Develop unusual eating habits Strenuous exercising

Anorexia Nervosa

 Starvation diet takes a toll on the body  Lower heart rate       Breathing rate Blood pressure Body temp Lead to heart probs, osteoporosis, constipation Stunt growth Stop menstrual cycle

Anorexia Nervosa

 Kills approximately 5% of all who suffer from it 

Death by heart attack, electrolyte imbalance, and suicide

Results of Eating Disorders

  Karen Carpenter (32) musician:  Went on a water diet to lose weight. Died of cardiac arrest due to anorexia and weighed only 80 lbs. Christy Henrich (22) gymnast:  Told to lose weight in order to make the Olympic team. She died of multiple organ failure, as a result of anorexia. She weighed only 60 lbs.

Those Who Have Struggled With Eating Disorders

   Paula Abdul  Dancer, choreographer and singer  battled bulimia Kelly Clarkson  The 'American Idol' winner  struggled with bulimia for six months until friends discovered her secret and begged her to get help.

Oprah Winfrey  TV personality  "It's always a struggle. I've felt safer and more protected when I was heavy. Food has always been comforting."

Binge Eating Disorder

  Eat abnormally large amounts of food in a short time  Approximately 3,000-5,000 in one sitting Occurs when alone followed by feelings of guilt, disgust, and depression

Binge Eating Disorder

 Unbalanced diet and emotional distress can lead to…  Leads to excessive weight gain     High blood pressure High cholesterol Heart disease Diabetes

Bulimia Nervosa

   Binge eating is followed by purging to rid the body of the food and calories and prevent weight gain 2 or more times a week Purging includes       Self-induced vomiting Abuse of laxatives Diet pills Diuretics (water-removal pills)_ Fasting Excessive exercise

Bulimia Nervosa

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Bulimia hides itself well Fear getting fat but usually stay 10-15 pounds within healthy weight Signs of bulimia

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Missing food

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Empty containers Discovery of laxatives Long periods in bathroom after meals

Bulimia Nervosa

  Health problems  

Vomit eats away at the teeth, gums, and stomach Constant sore throats

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Electrolyte imbalance

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Irregular heart beat and possible heart failure

Physical signs include…  

Stained, decayed teeth Scarred, blistered hands

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Unusual swelling around jaws

Eating Disorders

 Discussion-  WHY DO EATING DISORDERS EXSIST?