Transcript 2-Research Methodology(UG1431-32).ppt

A brief introduction to Research Methodology
By
Dr.Shaikh Shaffi Ahamed Ph.d.,
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Family & Community Medicine
What is Research?
A systematic investigation, involving the
collection of information (data), to solve a
problem or contribute to knowledge about a theory
or practice.
Research is critical in medicine because it
leads to new discoveries and can change
peoples’ lives by improving health and well being.
Research helps to provide scientific
understanding and solves practical problems.
Research (cont.)
Relies on methods and principles that will
produce credible and verifiable results.
All research starts with an idea or
question based on personal experiences.
Scientific Approach
The most sophisticated method of acquiring
knowledge is by scientific approach.
Combines important features of induction
and deduction together with other methods
to create a system of acquiring knowledge.
Generally more reliable than other methods.
Approach used most often to perform
medical research.
Scientific research
is an integrated approach of deduction and induction
Deduction
Hypothesis generation
Testing the hypothesis
Induction
(Inference on hypothesis)
generalization of the results
Known/unknown
truths
In sample
population
Universe
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Aims of epidemiologic
research
Describe the health status of a population
Explain the etiology of disease
Predict the disease occurrence
Control the disease distribution
Definition of Epidemiology
• The study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related
states or events in specified
population, and the application
of this study to control of health
problems.
[source: Last (ed.) Dictionary of
Epidemiology, 1995]
Definition of Epidemiology
• Study: surveillance, observation,
hypothesis testing, analytic research, and
experiments.
• Distribution: analysis by time, place, and
person.
• Determinants: physical, biological, social,
cultural, and behavioral factors that
influence health.
• Health-related states or events: diseases,
causes of death, behavior, reactions to
preventive regimens, and provision and use
of health services.
Epidemiology and
Biostatistics
Epidemiology:
Study design and
interpretation
Biostatistics:
Methods for
analysis
MODEL OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH
Epidemiological
Biomedical
Statistical
Behavioral
Social &
economic
Health
systems
research
Policy making,
planning,
Management
evaluation
BCG vaccination is not effective. Why ?
(a) BCG vaccination coverage is good but not effective
(i)
Immuno-microbiological factors
Poor nutrition (low protein intake)
Poor immune reaction (race-specific)
Tubercle bacillus strains
Atypical mycobacterial infection
---- BIOMEDICAL PROBLEMS
(ii) Technical factors
Quality of BCG vaccine
---- BIOMEDICAL PROBLEMS
(iii) Operational factors
Storage and transport of vaccine
Handling of vaccine after reconstitution
Technique of vaccination
Logistic support (supply of vaccine, vaccinating equipment)
----- HEALTH SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(b) BCG vaccination coverage is poor
(i) Operational factors
Coverage and efficiency of local
health services
---- HEALTH SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(ii) Human factors
Indifference of population toward
immunization
Fear of reaction and low level of
confidence in BCG
Decline in concern about tuberculosis
----- BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS
Preventable Causes of Disease
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BEINGS
Biological factors and Behavioral Factors
Environmental factors
Immunologic factors
Nutritional factors
Genetic factors
Services, Social factors, and Spiritual factors
[JF Jekel, Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and
Preventive Medicine, 1996]
Causal model of risk factors for CVD
Morbidity and Mortality
(Stroke, MI)
Biological Risk Factors
(Hypertension, Blood Lipids, Homocysteine)
Genetic Risk Factors
Behavioral Risk Factors
(Family History)
(Cigarette, Diet, Exercise)
Environmental Factors
(Socioeconomic Status, Work Environment)
Clinical issues and questions in
the practice of medicine
Issue
Question
Normality/abnormality
Is a person sick or well? What abnormalities are associated
with having a disease ?
Diagnosis
How accurate are diagnostic tests or strategies used to find a
disease ?
Frequency How often does a disease occur ?
Risk What factors are associated with an increased
likelihood of disease ?
Prognosis What are the consequences of having a disease ?
Treatment How does treatment change the future course
of a disease ?
Prevention Does intervention on people without
disease keep disease from arising?
Does early detection and treatment improve the
course of disease ?
Cause What conditions result in disease ?
What are the pathogen tic mechanisms of disease ?
Execution of Research:
Conceptualizing the problem:
Need
Background & Rationale
Formulating the Objectives
Generating hypotheses
Testing hypotheses
Designing the Approach
Research design
Methods and Materials
Target population
Study population
Methods of collection
Analysis and Interpretation of results
THERE ARE ONLY A
HANDFUL OF WAYS TO
DO A STUDY PROPELY
BUT A THOUSAND WAYS
TO DO IT WRONG --Sackett (1986)