Transcript Unit 4.1 Guided Notes PPT

Unit 4: The Texas Revolution
Chapter 10 Section 1
Why did the Mexican Army send
more troops to Texas?
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Mexican authorities
became worried about
men such as William B.
Travis
General Cos planned to
arrest Texas rebels and
take them to Mexico City
in chains
Texans formed
committees of
correspondence to keep
colonists informed
General Martin Perfecto de Cos Commander of Mexican forces in
Coahuila y Texas and Brother-in-law
of Santa Anna
What was the Battle of Gonzales?
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Texans at Gonzales decorated their
cannon with a white flag daring
Mexican soldiers to “Come and
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Take it”
October 2, 1835 – First
battle of Texas Revolution
Colonel Ugartechea
ordered city of Gonzales to
give up a small cannon
160 Texans led by Colonel
John H. Moore refused and
decorated it with a flag
“Come and Take it”
Mexican troops withdrew
and no Texans were killed
What happened at Goliad?
La Bahia fort at Goliad
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October 9, 1835 – 100
men take the fort at
Goliad, Texas.
Texans overconfident—
believed Mexican troops
could be defeated easily
Texans prepared to
march against Cos in
San Antonio—the
Mexican stronghold of
TX
Why did the Texans lay
siege at San Antonio?
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Stephen F. Austin
gathered 300 men at
Gonzales to march to
San Antonio – 100
join on the way.
This is the “Army of the
People”
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Texans began a siege
at San Antonio.
Trying to force
Mexicans to
surrender due to lack
of supplies.
Siege of
San Antonio
What was the Consultation?
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November 3, 1835 –
During siege of San
Antonio, others met
at San Felipe.
The Peace Party
proposed to declare
loyalty to the
Mexican Constitution
of 1824
War Party wanted to
declare independence
from Mexico
How did Consultation
delegates vote?
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Ad offering land in exchange for supporting
rebellion against Santa Anna
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58 Delegates
met from 14
towns and
districts
14 voted for
independence
33 voted
against
11 no vote
What statement did the
Consultation adopt?
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“Declaration of the
People of Texas in
General Convention
Assembled”
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Declared loyalty to
Mexico
Pledged support to
Constitution of 1824
Opposed Santa Anna
Urged Mexican citizens
to join them
Offered land to those
that helped
What was the Provisional Government?
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General Sam Houston
Created a
Provisional/Temporary
government
Powers were
vague…leads to conflict
Created a regular army
under Sam Houston
SFA sent to U.S. to plead
for aid
Ch. 10, Sect. 2
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Main Idea: Texans won a victory at
San Antonio, but the provisional
government failed.
What was the “Grass Fight”?
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A skirmish over a
Mexican mule train
outside San Antonio
(reported by Texas
army scout Erastus
“Deaf” Smith)
Texans thought they
were intercepting
money, but
discovered that their
cargo consisted only
of grass for Cos’
horses!
Texas
volunteers called
off the siege in early
December 1835 because,
they were cold, hungry,
restless, and running out
of supplies
What was the Battle of San
Antonio?
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When the siege was
ending, commander
Edward Burleson got
news that the Mexican
army was weakened.
Ben Milam, an
empresario who had
helped capture Goliad,
gathered 300 men to
fight with him into San
Antonio
“Who will go with old Ben
Milam into San Antonio?”
How did the Texans attack San
Antonio?
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The Texas
volunteers fought
their way into
San Antonio and
pushed Mexican
forces toward the
center of town.
What happened to Ben Milam?
On Dec. 7, the
third day of the
siege, a sniper
sitting in this
tree shot and
killed Ben
Milam.
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What advantage did the Texans
have?
Texans had an
advantage of
fighting from
house to house
against a force
trained to fight
in open combat.
The Mexican
soldiers
retreated to an
abandoned
mission known
as the Alamo.
How did the Battle of San Antonio
end?
 On December 9,
General Cós
surrendered. He
promised to never
again fight against the
Texans or the
Constitution of 1824
In return he and
his men were
allowed to return
to Mexico.
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 Texans believed that
the war was over
because they had
defeated the
Mexican army
Why did the Provisional Government
fail?
 Governor
Henry Smith rejected a
proposal to hold a convention of the
people in March, but the council
overrode his veto.
 Disagreements
resulted in a breakdown
of government, leaving Texas
unprepared to fight Santa Anna
Chapter 11 Section 1
13 Days that changed the fate
of Texas and American
History
What costly errors plagued the
Texans?
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The 2 ½ months after the
Texan victory at San
Antonio was wasted time
for the Texas rebels
Texans had little
leadership, and many of
the volunteers went home
By the end of 1835, many
Texans refused to
recognize Sam Houston as
the military leader
Texas forces were spread
out and unable to
communicate
General Sam Houston
How were Texas troops
divided?
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Colonel James Walker Fannin
100 men remained in
San Antonio under
Colonel James Neill
50 men with Col.
Frank W. Johnson and
50 under Dr. James
Grant at San Patricio
450 men with Col.
James Fannin at
Goliad
What was Santa Anna’s
mission?
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Determined to rid
Mexico of the Anglo
rebels and punish the
defiant Tejanos
Quickly gathered
troops to make a
march from Northern
Mexico to San Antonio
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Forced to gather many
untrained troops
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Divided troops into two
forces
General Santa Anna
How did the Texans
Underestimate Santa Anna?
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Texans did not
believe Santa Anna
would march his
troops during the
winter.
They expected to
have until the Spring
to prepare.
Santa Anna led 4-6K
soldiers to San
Antonio while
General Jose Urrea
led 2K up the Texas
Gulf Coast towards
Goliad
Who led the volunteers at the
Alamo in early 1836?
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Col. James Neill and his 100
men at San Antonio occupied
the Alamo in the winter of
1836.
They requested
reinforcements and supplies
January 17: Sam Houston
sent Col. James Bowie and
25 Texan volunteers to San
Antonio to survey the Alamo,
and abandon/destroy it if
necessary.
Bowie decides the Alamo is
too important and decides to
stay
Colonel James Bowie
Who led the regulars at the
Alamo in early 1836?
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Lt. Colonel William B. Travis
February 3, 1836: Lt.
Col. William B. Travis
and 30 regulars from
San Felipe arrive at
San Antonio.
Col. Neill returns
home due to a family
illness and leaves
Travis in charge.
Travis and Bowie will
argue over who will
lead the Alamo
defenders.
Gap in
north wall
The Alamo in 1836
18 lb.
Cannon
Who arrived from Tennessee to
help defend the Alamo?
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Feb. 8, 1836: David
Crockett and 12
volunteers from
Tennessee arrive at
San Antonio
The Tennessee
Volunteers were
expert marksmen
(rifle shooters)
They would eventually
be given the duty of
defending the weakest
part of the Alamo
defenses—the
Palisade.
David Crockett
Who led the Tejano defenders
at the Alamo?
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Captain Juan N. Seguin
Tejanos – People of
Mexican heritage
living in Texas
At least 9 Tejanos
helped defend the
Alamo
Cpt. Juan N. Seguin
was at the Alamo
but rode out to
plead for more
volunteers before
the battle
What critical error did the
Texans make in regards to
Santa Anna?
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Travis did not expect Santa
Anna’s army until late
March, April or May
Reports that they had
crossed the Rio Grande in
early February were
ignored
Travis was convinced he
had more time to prepare
and receive volunteers—he
was wrong!
Feb. 23: Santa Anna arrives
and lays siege to San
Antonio; forces everyone
there into the Alamo.
Chapter 11 Section 2
13 Days that forever changed Texas
and American History
How did Texans respond to
Santa Anna’s arrival?
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On February 23, Alamo defenders were
shocked to see the beginning of the Mexican
force arriving in San Antonio
Texans barely made it into the Alamo before
the Mexican cavalry arrived in the city.
Mexican forces quietly occupy San Antonio
and begin surrounding the Alamo.
What was the weakness of the
Alamo as a defense post?
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Bowie estimated that 1,000 troops would
be needed to defend the Alamo. They had
less than 200 men.
They believed that holding the Alamo at
any cost was vital to the future of Texas
The mission walls were incomplete,
hampering the defense.
What did the Red Flag
symbolize?
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At his headquarters in San Fernando
Church, Santa Anna flew the red“no
quarter” flag, meaning that he would take
no prisoners.
The song they played,“El Deguello” was
the song of death, and let the defenders
know they would all die if they fought
Mexican buglers played throughout the
night to keep the Alamo defenders
unnerved.
Why did Travis’s calls for help
go mostly unanswered?
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Travis wrote several messages to the
people of Texas and to the United States
asking for assistance…signed “Victory or
Death!”
Travis received little response to his pleas
for aid because the Texas forces were
poorly organized.
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Fannin lacked enough wagons to move
supplies from Goliad
On March 1, only 32 reinforcements
arrived at the Alamo from Gonzales.
Why did Travis draw a line in
the sand with his sword?
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On March 5, Travis explained to his troops
that remaining at the Alamo meant certain
death.
According to legend, he drew a line on the
ground with his sword and invited those
who wished to stay to cross the line.
Almost 200 men decided to stay and fight
for their beliefs.
How and when did the battle
begin?
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The final assault began on the morning of
March 6, 1836 at 5:30 A.M.
Santa Anna had stopped the cannon fire
the night before to allow the Texans to
sleep, then interrupted their slumber with
an early morning attack
An estimated 1,800 Mexican troops took
part, attacking at four different points.
What happened to Travis and
Bowie?
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The North wall fell first, where William B.
Travis was killed early in the fighting
The men retreated to the long barracks
where the bloodiest of the fighting took
place.
Bowie was killed in his cot too sick to take
part in the battle
How did the battle end?
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The Mexican army turned the Texan
cannons on the Texans and forced
them toward the chapel.
The chapel was the last area to fall.
By that time (around 8 AM) all but a
few defenders were killed.
According to Mexican sources about
7 men survived the fighting,
including Davy Crockett.
What were the casualties?
Who survived?
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All but a few of the 200 defenders of the
Alamo are killed in battle. The remaining
prisoners are executed.
Santa Anna reports 70 of his men killed,
while reports claim as many as 600 men
killed and 300 injured.
How did the Texans react to
the Alamo battle?
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The battle of the Alamo delayed Santa Anna for
two weeks, to the advantage of Texans.
Some people believe that Texas would not have
won independence without the battle of the
Alamo.
The battle and the courage of the Texans at the
Alamo made Texans more determined to win
independence.
Overall, it inspired Texans as Sam Houston’s army
adopted the battle cry “Remember the Alamo”
when they later fought at San Jacinto.
Chapter 11 Section 3
Urrea Sweeps Northward to
Refugio
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During the Alamo
siege, the second unit
of the Mexican army,
under General José
Urrea, advanced
through South Texas.
Houston orders Fannin to
retreat
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General Houston had
ordered Fannin and his
men to retreat from
Goliad to the city of
Victoria to meet with his
army.
Fannin was indecisive
on when or if to leave
and waited too long
before beginning the
march to Victoria.
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Houston orders Fannin to
As a result Fannin retreat
was delayed. This
delay hurt the Texan
cause.
Once Fannin’s army
began moving, the
retreat was very
slow. They were
moving heavy
cannons and wagons
were breaking down.
After only travelling a
few miles from the
fort, Fannin allowed
the men to rest and
eat.
Fannin Delays His Departure
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On March 19,
while Fannin and
his men rested in
a field near Coleto
Creek, Urrea’s
troops
surrounded them.
Texans Surrender at Coleto
Creek
 On March 20,
Fannin and his
officers decided to
surrender to
General Urrea.
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Under the
surrender General
Fannin thought
the men would be
treated fairly.
Texans Surrender at Coleto
Creek
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The Texans are
marched back
to the fort at
Goliad and
imprisoned
there.
Santa Anna’s “Cruel Necessity”
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Urrea wrote to Santa
Anna, asking that he
be allowed to spare
the prisoners’ lives.
Santa Anna ordered
their immediate
execution, fearing that
if he let the Texans go
they would join others
in rebellion.
Santa Anna’s “Cruel Necessity”
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On Palm Sunday, March 27, the prisoners
were marched out of the fort and shot.
Many thought they were being taken out to
work in the fields, or perhaps being
released.
Some Mexican soldiers did not agree with
Santa Anna’s decision and fired over the
heads of the Texans, allowing them to
escape .
Santa Anna’s “Cruel Necessity”
•
After the execution of the men at Goliad,
Urrea writes in his journal:
“I used my influence with the general-inchief to save them, if possible, from being
butchered, particularly Fannin. I obtained
from His Excellency only a severe reply,
repeating his previous order, doubtlessly
dictated by cruel necessity.”
Lessons from the Alamo and
Goliad
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Texans fought bravely but managed
their affairs poorly.
The fighting revealed a lack of
cooperation among Texas forces.
Houston became convinced not to let
his forces separate into small groups.