Transcript CoalJune08_MarnieCarroll_00603am.ppt

Indoor/Outdoor Coal
Combustion and
Respiratory Health in the
Navajo Nation
Dr. Joseph E. Bunnell (USGS)
Marnie K. Carroll (Diné Environmental Institute)
Linda V. Garcia (Diné College)
6/3/08
•About the size of West Virginia
•Population ~ 150,000
•1 out of 3 lack electricity
•Economy based on coal, minerals
and tourism
Objectives
• To gain better understanding of the
respiratory disease burden due to indoor
vs. outdoor air pollution in a population
exposed to high concentrations of coal
combustion products
Objectives
• To gain better understanding of the
respiratory disease burden due to indoor
vs. outdoor air pollution in a population
exposed to high concentrations of coal
combustion products
• To identify the most effective
mechanism(s) to reduce this exposure/risk
Why Shiprock?
Agency
Chapter
http://www.chaseireland.org/Thermal%
20Inversion.htm
Hypotheses
• Respiratory complaints in Shiprock
increase during periods of degraded
indoor-air quality and inversions
Hypotheses
• Respiratory complaints in Shiprock
increase during periods of degraded
indoor-air quality and inversions
• Effects of exposure to emissions will be
greatest among infants, elderly,
asthmatics, and others spending
significant time indoors
Methods
• Examine respiratory disease data from Shiprock
Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital
Respiratory Indicators Used
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
wheezing
asthma
bronchitis
COPD
pneumonia
URI
LRI
133,759 hospital
records over six
years and nine
months analyzed
(April 1997 –
December 2003)
25000
20000
numbers of respiratory disease cases by age in Shiprock vs.
predicted based on even distribution
Shiprock
predicted
15000
10000
5000
0
0-5
6-12
13-55
56+
14000
raw numbers of cases
12000
Shiprock
non-Shiprock
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
D
ec
N
ov
O
ct
pt
Se
t
gu
s
Au
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
ril
Ap
h
ar
c
M
b
Fe
Ja
n
0
6000
Shiprock all cases per 100,000
non-Shiprock all cases per 100,000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Jan Feb Mar
Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Health Data Summary
• Shiprock residents at > 5 times
(population-adjusted) at risk of respiratory
disease than 76 surrounding locales
• Asthma and upper respiratory tract
infections most common in young children
7000
9000
8000
6000
7000
5000
6000
4000
5000
4000
3000
Shiprock all cases per 100,000
3000
non-Shiprock all cases per 100,000
2000
monthly mean temp. x 100
2000
1000
1000
0
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
emissions (tons) year 2000
5,000
PM2.5
PM10
VOCs
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
NM
, NM
,
s
n
r
ua
ne
r
J
o
n
rC
Sa
u
o
F
T
Z
U
A
,
,
n
aj o
tai
v
n
a
u
N
rmo
e
t
In
power plant
O
N
,C
a
l
c
u
emissions (tons) year 2000
2,040
5,000
PM2.5
PM10
VOCs
1,800
4,000
3,000
2,250
2,000
1,640
1,000
100
0
NM
, NM
,
s
n
r
ua
ne
r
J
o
n
rC
Sa
u
o
F
T
Z
U
A
,
,
n
o
aj
ta i
v
n
a
u
N
rmo
e
t
In
power plant
O
,C
a
l
c
Nu
numbers in boxes =
capacity in megawatts
Methods
• Examine respiratory disease data from Shiprock
Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital
• Conduct an extensive survey to document fuel
and stove type use
n = 137
coal as fuel in stove
smoke cigarettes
yes
no
heating indoors with stove
stove has chimney
Stove improvement needed
• 34/137 (24.8%) of those surveyed were
burning coal for heat in stoves not
specifically rated to burn at the higher
temperatures of coal (425°C vs. 260°C for
wood)
Methods
• Examine respiratory disease data from Shiprock
Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital
• conduct extensive survey to document fuel and
stove type and use
• Collect samples and analyze the chemistry
of the coal
Black
Mesa coal
Black M esa coal
Four Corners coal
H (%)
C (%)
N (%)
S (%)
O (%)
ash (%)
Coal trace element analysis (ppm)
sample
As
Be
Cd
Co
Cr
Hg
BHP
0.272
0.807
0.021
2.57
3.20
0.016
Black Mesa
0.603
0.103
0.007
0.568
2.26
4031101A-51
0.481
1.13
0.069
5.13
4051701A-56
0.571
0.101
0.009
4061601A-69
0.329
0.744
4070801A-78
0.480
4091701ALB-151
0.363
mean concentration in US
coals
24
Ni
Pb
Sb
Se
10.0
2.21
9.76
0.512
1.70
0.026
1.93
2.21
0.829
0.058
0.770
9.83
0.027
10.0
3.47
19.7
0.496
2.40
0.74
3.66
0.029
3.60
2.86
0.730
0.116
1.40
0.015
2.58
2.71
0.015
6.93
2.09
5.46
0.304
1.70
0.465
0.013
0.973
2.33
0.020
5.13
1.60
1.08
0.234
1.30
0.559
0.018
1.78
4.05
0.12
9.56
3.07
4.14
0.318
0.65
2.2
0.47
15
15
43
14
11
1.2
0.17
Mn
2.8
Methods
• Examine respiratory disease data from Shiprock
Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital
• Conduct extensive survey to document fuel and
stove type and use
• Collect samples and analyze chemistry of coal
• Quantify PM2.5 levels inside homes where coal is
burned for heating/cooking and ambient
DataRAM pDR1200 w/pumps
Methods
• Examine respiratory disease data from Shiprock
Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital
• Conduct extensive survey to document fuel and
stove type and use
• Collect samples and analyze chemistry of coal
• Quantify PM2.5 levels inside homes where coal is
burned for heating/cooking and ambient
• Collect samples and analyze chemistry of
airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in
Shiprock region of Navajo Nation
Why PM2.5?
• Enters the bloodstream
• Can cause premature mortality
• Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular
disease can occur
• Lung disease/decreased lung function
• Asthma attacks
• Cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks
and cardiac arrhythmia
120
100
80
60
propane heat
micrograms per cubic meter
indoor PM2.5 concentrations (24-hour samples)
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
∑ x = 36 μg/m3
home number
tim e of day
9:
00
10
:0
0
11
:0
0
8:
00
7:
00
6:
00
5:
00
4:
00
3:
00
2:
00
1:
00
10
:0
0
11
:0
0
12
:0
0
13
:0
0
14
:0
0
15
:0
0
16
:0
0
17
:0
0
18
:0
0
19
:0
0
20
:0
0
21
:0
0
22
:0
0
23
:0
24 0
:0
0:
00
micrograms per cubic meter
outdoor PM2.5 (site 151)
25
20
15
10
5
0
time
9:
00
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
3:
00
5:
00
7:
00
11
:0
0
13
:0
0
15
:0
0
17
:0
0
19
:0
0
21
:0
0
23
:0
0
1:
00
micrograms/cubic meter
N04070801A-78
lit coal fire
General Trends Observed
• Outdoor winter concentrations were lower
than outdoor summer and indoor winter
• Less variation occurred during 24 hour
period outdoor than indoor
• Huge variation occurred during 24 hour
period indoors
• Indoor: higher concentrations during
apparent human activity
Total number of peaks from GC-MS
total ion current chromatograms
site/season
indoor
outdoor
# 78 / summer
55
7
#151 / summer
89
57
#78 winter
121
81
#151 / winter
131
75
Total number of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs)
site/season
indoor
outdoor
# 78 / summer
0
0
#151 / summer
11
0
#78 winter
17
19
#151 / winter
18
20
Identification of the polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs)
indoor
outdoor
indoor
outdoor
indoor
outdoor
indoor
outdoor
summer
summer
summer
summer
winter
winter
winter
winter
78
78
151
151
78
78
151
151
naphthalene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
1-methylnaphthalene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
2-methylnaphthalene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
biphenyl
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
2,6-dimethylnaphthalene
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
acenaphthylene
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
acenaphthene
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2,3,5-trimethylnaphthalene
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
fluorene
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
dibenzothiophene
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
phenanthrene
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
anthracene
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
1-methylphenanthrene
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
+
3,6-dimethylphenanthrene
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
fluoranthene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
pyrene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
benzo[a]anthracene
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
Identification of the polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) (cont.)
chrysene
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
benzo[b]fluoranthene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
benzo[k]fluoranthene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
benzo[e]pyrene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
benzo[a]pyrene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
perylene
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
indeno[1,2,3,cd]pyrene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
dibenzo[ah]anthracene
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
benzo[ghi]perylene
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
Benefits to Navajo People
•
•
Training students in GIS, public health,
air quality measures and geochemistry
Possibly improve health by
– avoiding inappropriate coal
– altering behavior during inversions
– providing education on proper use of coal
•
Generate opportunities for seeking
further funding support
Future plans
• Additional air sampling + chemical
characterization
• Collect PM2.5 data in homes with
documented respiratory disease status
• Toxicology of indoor PM2.5
24-hour indoor PM2.5 air sample filters
control
coal burning
Acknowledgements
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Jill M. Furst
Doris Bahee
NNHRRB members
Veronica Francisco
Pauline Stanley
Sonya Lewis
Beverly Maxwell
Yvonne Scott
•WERC (Consortium for
Environmental Education and
Technology Development)
• TCI (Tribal College Initiative)
• Centers for Disease Control &
Prevention/ATSDR
• US Department of Energy
• NTUA (Navajo Tribal Utility
Authority)
•USDA – Equity Funds
Acknowledgements
•
Navajo Nation Division of
Health
• Navajo Nation Environmental
Protection Agency
•
Diné Environmental Institute
•
Indian Health Service (IHS),
US Department of Health and
Human Services
• Shiprock Chapter of the Navajo
Nation
• Navajo Nation Historic Preservation
Department
[email protected]