Transcript 13.3 anabaptists through calvin

Chapter 13.3
Reformation and
Religious
Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
Essential/ Focus Question
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Analyze the impact of the Protestant
Reformation on European politics and
society in the 16th century. Be sure to
consider Germany, England, France
and the Netherlands.
TERMS TO KNOW
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Anabaptists
John of Leyden
Tragedy at Münster
Mennonites, Quakers, & Unitarians
Ulrich Zwingli, Zurich
Colloquy at Marburg
John Calvin
Institutes of the Christian Religion
predestination
“elect/visible saints”
Geneva
Consistory
Michael Servetus
Protestant work ethic
John Knox
Presbyterianism
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Huguenots
Dutch Reformed Church
Puritans
English Reformation
William Tyndale
Henry VIII
In Defense of the Seven Sacraments
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Thomas Wolsey
Thomas Cranmer
Church of England (Anglican Church)
Act of Supremacy
Pilgrimage of Grace
Statute of the Six Articles
Edward VI
Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary”
Marian Exiles
2 major theological differences
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Lords Supper
Infant Baptism
Luther, Catholics and other protestant
groups practiced Infant baptism
IV. The Spread of Protestantism
A. Anabaptists (formed in 1525)
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1. Characteristics
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a. Voluntary association of believers with no connection or
allegiance to any state.
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Rejected secular agreements, refused to take civil oaths, pay taxes,
hold public office, or serve in the military
b. Did not believe in childhood baptism since only adults
could make the decision to commit to Christ
c. As millenarians, they believed the end of the world was
near.
d. Rejected the idea of the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy
Spirit)
e. Some historians see the Anabaptists as the “left wing” of
the Protestant Reformation
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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2. In 1532, a radical group of Anabaptists took control
of the northwestern German city of Münster.
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a. Led by John of Leyden (1509-1536)
b. Polygamy was instituted (John had 16 wives)
c. Women also served as leaders of the movement
d. All books except the Bible were burned in the city
e. The Anabaptists began killing some Lutherans and
Catholics
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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f. Tragedy at Münster (1534)
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Combined armies of Protestant and Catholic
forces captured the city and executed
Anabaptist leaders
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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3. Long-term impact of Anabaptists
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a. Mennonites: founded by Dutch leader Menno
Simmons became descendants of Anabaptists
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Emphasized pacifism (perhaps in reaction to
what happened in Münster)
b. Quakers in England shared similar beliefs;
thousands came to America where they founded
and controlled Pennsylvania, New Jersey and
Delaware
c. Unitarians (who reject the trinity) also were
influenced by the Anabaptists
4. Luther’s views on new sects: did not believe in
the legitimacy of any other faith except
mainstream Protestantism
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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B. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) – Swiss
Reformation
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1. Student of humanism who preached
from Erasmus’ edition of the New Greek
Testament.
2. Zwingli established what amounted to a
theocracy in Zurich.
p. 390
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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3. Like Luther, he believed that the Bible
should be the sole authority regarding
religious practice
4. In contrast to Luther, he saw the
Eucharist as only symbolic, and that
Luther’s view of the Real Presence was too
Catholic in its foundation
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This became the first dispute among
Protestants dealing with issues of doctrine.
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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5. Colloquy of Marburg (1529): Zwingli
officially split with Luther over issue of
Eucharist (see excerpt from textbook)
6. The Augsburg Confession (1530)
excluded non-Lutheran reformers such as
Zwingli
p. 389
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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C. Calvinism (most significant of the
new Protestant sects)
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1. John Calvin (1509-1564)
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a. Frenchman; studied to be a priest and later
trained as a lawyer.
b. Influenced by humanism, especially Erasmus
c. Exiled to Switzerland due to his reform ideas
Who was John Calvin?
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He was a Frenchman
He was trained as a priest and a lawyer
Influenced by humanism, especially Erasmus
Calvin fled France when his brother was
executed to Switzerland
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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2. Institutes of the Christian Religion
(1536)
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a. Calvin’s foundational work for Calvinism
b. Predestination: Since God is all-knowing,
he already knows who is going to Heaven and
who is destined for Hell.
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Thus, “good works” is not sufficient for salvation
and there is no free will since God has already made
His decision.
However, good works are a sign that one has
been chosen for salvation.
God reveals if one has been chosen for salvation
by a conversion experience.
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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c. The “elect” are church members who have
had their conversion experience. They should
become model Christians: “visible saints”
Calvinists behaved as if
they were pre-destined
Calvinists believed they were less
subject to state authority than
Lutherans
This significant difference propelled the
belief in separation of Church and State
p. 395
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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3. Calvin established a theocracy in
Geneva by 1540
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a. Geneva became the new center of the
Reformation in Europe.
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Geneva became home to Protestant exiles from
England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to
their countries with Calvinist ideas.
b. Like Zwingli in Zurich, Calvin believed church
and city should combine to enforce Christian
behavior
c. Only those who committed to following
Calvinism were allowed to live in the city.
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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4. Calvinism was the most militant and
uncompromising of all Protestants
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a. Consistory: A judiciary made up of lay elders
(presbyters) had the power to impose harsh penalties for
those who did not follow God’s law
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Activities such as drinking, singing (secular music),
dancing, usury (lending money at more than 5%), and
gambling were expressly prohibited.
b. Michael Servetus, a Unitarian humanist from Spain,
was burned at the stake in 1553 for his denial of the
Trinity.
Calvinism disapproved of Saints,
elaborate churches and anything light
and frivolous
The elements of Catholicism: Color, incense, saints,
images were suppressed
“May little
chickens dig out
your eyes 100,000
times.”
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Calvin speaking to
another reformer whose
ideas he disagreed with
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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5. Protestant Work Ethic: Calvinists later
emphasized the importance of hard work
and accompanying financial success as a
sign that God was pleased
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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6. Spread of Calvinism: far greater impact
on future generations than Lutheranism
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a. Presbyterianism established Scotland by
John Knox (1505-1572) in 1560.
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Presbyters governed the church
Became the dominant religion in Scotland
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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b. Huguenots – French Calvinists; brutally
suppressed in France
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Especially strong among the nobility although
Calvinism saw converts from every social class.
Especially Henry of Navarre, future French King
Henry IV
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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c. Dutch Reformed Church – United
Provinces of the Netherlands.
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The rise of Calvinism in the Netherlands as the
dominant religion set the stage for a revolt against
the Inquisition of King Philip II of Spain.
The Netherlands declared its independence in
1581 (although it would not be officially recognized
by all European powers until 1648).
IV. Spread of Protestantism
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d. Puritans in England
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Pressured Elizabeth I for more reforms but were
largely kept at bay.
Later established colonies in America in a region
that came to be known as New England: e.g.
Massachusetts, Connecticut
Victorious in the English Civil War (1642-49)
e. Countries where Calvinism did not spread:
Ireland, Spain & Italy – heavily Catholic
In the Dutch Netherlands, Scotland and
early colonial America (New England)
forms of Calvinism dominated
Chronology, p. 395
Discussion Questions
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What was John Calvin’s ideas of “Predestination”?