Transcript IIFREEE - Presentation - Rund Awwad

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy for Buildings
in the Residential and Commercial Sectors
“Case Study on Existing Buildings in Jordan”
By:
Rund Awwad, PMP ®
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Consultant
M. Sc. Mechanical Engineering - Renewable Energy
B.Sc. Environment & Water Mgmt., C.AGEng
November 16th, 2014
Outline
 Overview: REEE in Household and Commercial sectors.
 Case Study (1): Household (Residential) Building in Jordan.
 Case Study (2): Commercial Building in Jordan.
 Lifecycle Costing and Economical feasibility.
 Socio-economic Benefits and Risks.
Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
 Building efficiently is old in literature, likewise the utilization
of Renewable Energy Systems.
 Recently, many terms and methodologies were coined mostly
serving the same idea of going more sustainable in buildings
like; Green, Passive or Low Carbon.
 What term we use to express this concept or methodology is
not the main concern, we are rather concerned with the
function of an energy saving building in terms of efficiency
and utilization of either primary or supporting renewable
energy systems or applications.
Sectors Consumption Patterns
 Household Sector: Accounts for 41% of Total Electricity
consumption in Jordan.
 Commercial Sector: Accounts for17% of total Electricity
consumption.
Household Sector: Housing Buildings
 The private housing industry comprises the majority of the
total built up area (Approximately 91%) for residential
purposes in Jordan.
 Jordanian building codes guarantees a convenient level of
consumption nevertheless there is much to be done to
investigate the high building’s consumption rates.
 High energy consumed by the residential sector occurs when
energy is being used for cooling and heating purposes.
Other consumption patterns mainly include lighting and
electric appliances.
Objectives: Energy Design and Solution
Models
1
• Go beyond codes and regulations and
investigate the actual practice.
2
• Give Applicable solutions for both
existing and new buildings.
3
• Targeting the Household and the Commercial
sectors, that account for 59% Of country’s total
electricity consumption.
Case Study (1): Residential Building
1
2
3
• A typical residential building, representative
for buildings in the housing sector.
• Building a baseline and multiple scenarios.
• Testing assumptions, propose solutions and
discuss economical feasibility.
Case Study (1): Building Main View
Location
Land Number
Building Class
Total Project Area
Floors
Orientation
Amman, Marj Al Hamam
1052
Residential-B
2122 m²
4
Main Entrance - North Facing
Case Study (1): Baseline Scenario
• Current energy loads were calculated to develop the
baseline scenario.
• Simulation Software’s were used for loads calculations
and models were built to test solutions.
• Comparisons and benchmarking with baseline
scenarios to evaluate the validity and efficiency of
solutions.
Building Baseline Scenario
Floor Apartment Orientation
Insulated
Walls
U-Values
Walls
UValue
Glazing Roof
UInsulation
Values
U-Values
Cooling Heating
Load
Load
kW
kW
2nd
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.57
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
3.57
3.57
3.57
3.57
3.57
3.57
10.7
9.9
7.9
11.3
10.4
8.2
3rd
Right
South-West
Left
South- East
Middle
South
Right
South-West
Left
South-East
Middle
South
0.549
0.549
0.549
6.4
6.5
3.3
7.7
7.5
3.8
Variation of Apartments’ Cooling and
Heating Loads in the Baseline Scenario %
Case Study (1): Why do we need an
“Actual” Baseline Scenario
Inaccurate insulation
installation
mechanism.
Investors in the
housing sector are
not the end users.
Lack of Awareness
Lack of law
enforcement for
codes.
Cost saving.
Building Actual Baseline Scenario
Floor
Apartment
Orientation
Insulated
Walls
U-Values
Walls
U-Values
Glazing U- Roof
Values
Insulation
U-Values
Cooling
Load kW
Heating
Load kW
2nd
Right
South-West
Left
South- East
Middle
South
Right
South-West
Left
South-East
Middle
South
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
3.57
3.57
3.57
3.57
3.57
3.57
11.9
11
8.6
17.6
16.6
12
9
9
4.9
13.5
13.6
7.9
3rd
2.257
2.257
2.257
Change of Apartments’ Cooling and Heating
Loads in the Actual Baseline Scenario %
Apartments’ Cooling and Heating Loads in
Baseline and Actual Baseline Scenario %
Solutions for New Buildings
Phase
Solution
Cost
Land buy
Investor’s Awareness
0
Passive Design
Investor’s Awareness
When giving design Requirement for design consultant
Internal design
Investor’s Awareness
When giving design Requirement for design consultant
Smallest: East and West
Limitations
Polyurethane Foam
Spray
Extruded Polyurethane
Investors’ Willingness and Government Control
Not always feasible
or applicable
0-30% more than Not always feasible
the
conventional or applicable
design
0
Not always feasible
or applicable
-70 JD/ m²
Not always feasible
or applicable
+70 JD/ m²
Not always feasible
or applicable
+70 JD/ m²
Not always feasible
or applicable
5 JD/ m²
Applicable
Investors’ Willingness and Government Control
7.5 JD/ m²
Applicable
No shutters and shutters’
boxes
UPVC Double Glaze
Windows
Fans on Kitchen and
Bathrooms
Individuals’ and Investors’ Awareness and willingness
Applicable
Individuals’ and Investors’ Awareness and willingness
(-) 600
JD/Apartment
70JD/ m²
Individuals’ and Investors’ Awareness and willingness
30 JD/ Piece
Applicable
Fenestration size
Large: South
Large: North
Applicable
Solutions for Existing Building:
Orientation
Solution
Cost: JD/m²
Sun Breakers Vertical (Fins)
30
Sun Breakers Horizontal (Overhangs)
30
Curtain Walls On Balconies Oriented to the South 70
(UPVC-Double Glaze)
Curtains Black out or thick Curtains on the South, 10
East and West side Fenestrations
Insulation Solutions for Existing Building
Scenario
Solution
location
Cost JD/m²
Polyurethane Foam / Spray
Thermal bridges-windows’ sides
1.5
Polyurethane Foam / Spray
Thermal bridges-shutter boxes
1.5
Polyurethane Foam + Rigid Foam + Thermal bridges- beams, ceiling, 19
Gypsum Boards + low conductivity floors’ contact points and building
studs and nails
envelope.
Glazing Solutions for Existing
Building Scenario
Solution
location
Cost JD/m²
Double Glaze Window with Window Section
Thermal Breaks
UPVC Double Glaze Window Window Section
62
Solar Glass Films
Window Glass
140
Cracks in Windows’ sections
Window section
3
70
Ventilation Solutions for Existing
Building Scenario
Solution
Location
Cost / Item
Fans on Windows
Bathroom
30
Fans on Windows
Kitchen
30
Residential Building Solution Scenarios
Results
Orientation
Walls
Insulation UValue
Glazing UValue
Roof
Insulation UValue
Cooling Load
kW
Heating Load
kW
South-West
2.105
0.532
3.6
1.5
2.257
0.542
18.1
9.9
12.8
5.6
South-West
Renewable Energy Systems (RES)
RES
PV
Integration to an Integration to a Cost
Existing Building New Building
Limited
Limited
1500 JD/ kWp
SWH (Flat plates)
Recommended
Recommended
550 JD / 150 L
GHP
Not Feasible
Applicable
5000 JD/Apartment
Fire place (Wood- Limited
Fed)
Other Solutions
Recommended
700 JD / Piece
Lighting:
(LED Recommended
Lights)
Recommended
Lighting Sensors
Recommended
2 JD / Piece
Recommended
7 JD / Piece
Solar Photovoltaic System:
Can be designed to supply
all electrical energy
demand of an apartment,
or maintain consumption
at lower tariffs.
Usually payback
period is 4 to 6 years.
Roofs in Jordan are loaded
with water tanks, extra tanks,
satellites, SWHs and fourth
floor apartment extension.
A new law that forbids the
extension of the fourth floor.
Up to 70% of the total roof
area is occupied.
Solar Photovoltaic System:
 1 kWp PV system needs an area of 7 to 14 m² to be installed on
the roof.This system yields up to 150 kWh.
 2-3 kWp requires 20 -40m².
 It will be impossible for all apartments to install PV systems in the
housing buildings in Jordan.
 Other PV systems; for example PV panels that can be integrated
to windows as sun shades, are neither available nor feasible.
Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Solar Photovoltaic Systems
 A small size PV system to operate the building service.
 250 JD /apartment is the added cost.
 A great opportunity of savings on the energy needs if a PV
system can be installed for any apartment in the building.
 Internal consensus between residents of building is needed.
Case Study (2): Commercial Building
 Scope of Work: Identifying energy saving opportunities and
optimized energy solutions scenarios; Energy Efficiency
measures (Design and Infrastructure), Lighting
Systems, HVAC Systems, Renewable Energy Systems.
 Actual energy loads calculations, new solution scenarios
designs, solutions simulation and benefits demonstration.
 Lifecycle Costing Analysis; Initial Costs, Pay Back Periods
and Return on Investment are the criteria for which one
solution will be selected over other solutions options.
Case Study (2): Methodology
Energy Study
Energy Efficiency
- Infrastructure
HVAC System
Lighting System
Renewable Energy
Systems
Feasibility Study
Baseline Scenario
Systems Capacity
Sizing
Assesing current
Lighting System
System Sizing &
Modeling
Solutions scenarios
Breakdown
Baseline - LED Scenario
Systems Technical
assesment
Lighting System
Optimization Solutions
Technical specifications
requirements
Life cycle Costing
Analysis
EE Passive Design
EE equipemnts
solutions
Modeling and
Simulation
System Procurement
Initial Costs, PBP,
IRR analysis
Baseline - LED & Passive
Design Scenario
EE control &
Management Ssystems
Testing and
iteration
Infrastructure
Rektifications
System Procurement
Consumption
Calculations
Testing and iteration
Final Scenario
Operations Energy
Calculations
Duct System Design
Inspection and
iteration
Installation and
Commisiong
Decion Making
Case Study (2): Solutions
Item
Proposed Solution
Cost/ m²
Orientation
Sun Breakers Vertical (Fins)
30
Sun Breakers Horizontal (Overhangs)
30
Internal Shading
10
Thermal Bridges- Polyurethane Foam Spray
1.5
Insulation
Wall Insulation- Polyurethane Rigid Foam + Gypsum Boards + low 18
conductivity studs and nails
Roof Insulation – Polyurethane Rigid Foam + Tiles
Glazing
Window Solar Films
Main Entrance Double Glazed curtain walls and sliding door
Single glaze external box
35-40
Case Study (2): Variation of consumption
scenarios actual and later modifications
Energy Loads w/out Efficiency Enhancement
kWh/yr
JD/yr
Heating & Cooling Loads
246000
55350
Lighting Loads
49955
11240
Electrical Equipments & Miscellaneous Loads
8640
1944
Total Loads
304595
68594
Heating & Cooling Loads
187500
42188
Lighting Loads
49955
11240
Electrical Equipments & Miscellaneous
8640
1944
Total Loads
246095
55972
Total Savings
58500
13162
% Saving
19 %
19 %
Total Cost of Enhancements
35540 JD
Payback Period
2.7 yrs
Energy Loads w/ Efficiency Enhancement
Other Benefits:
 19% less of Photovoltaic system capacity needed.
 Around 400 m2 less roof area needed for the installation of a
PV system.
 Optimum comfort levels achieved for employees and
visitors.
 Higher HVAC system efficiencies and longer life.
Lighting system Feasibility
LED 2
LED (Open HID (Open (Offices and LED
Item
Spaces)
Spaces)
Extension) (Basement)
Number of fixtures
94
143
30
25
Wattage per fixture
218
274
77
218
Total wattege
20492
39182
2310
5450
Lumens per fixture
20000
18000
6300
20000
Total Lumens
1880000
2574000
189000
50000
Life time (hour)
40000
6000
45000
40000
Initial cost per fixture (JD)
380
220
190
380
Total Intial Cost (JD)
35720
31460
5700
9500
Opreating hours per year
3756
3756
3756
3756
Energy consumption kWh per year
76967.952 147167.592
8676.36
20470.2
Energy cost per year (0.225 JD/kWh)
17317.7892 33112.7082
2169.09
4605.75
HID Lamps Replcament (year)
2
HID Replcement Cost per fixture (JD)
22
Total Replacment Cost (JD)
3146
HID replacement Costs in LED lifespan (JD)
33473.44
Savings in case of LED per year (JD)
17367.919
Simple payback period (year)
2
PV Feasibility Chart
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
Cash Flow (JD)
-100000
-200000
Impact of Energy Efficiency
 Energy efficient buildings could be the answer to the high
energy demand by the residential and commercial sectors
and approaching this segment would contribute to reducing
demand for energy by this sector.
 It is anticipated that reducing domestic demand and reliance
on non-conventional sources would be a basic part of the
solution to country’s current problems of high energy bill.
Socio-Economic Benefits
Social, Economic, Health and Environmental Benefits result in
improved energy efficiency and integration of RES at homes:
Civilized
society
Marketing
opportunities
Improved
performance
Improved
quality of
life
Savings in
total
energy;
individual
s and
governme
nt.
Healthy
environme
nt in and
outside the
buildings.
Better
air
quality
Indirect Problems
Undesirable waste of time and efforts.
Damp and mould in walls and ceilings.
The impact of improper insulation of the building may
extend for years.
Increased costs of maintenance and replacement.
Temperature fluctuation may cause damage to woodworks;
cracks and paint depletion.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Law Enforcement -Inspection Mechanism
Awareness – Investors and Individuals
Incentives
Marketing Opportunities
Financing Mechanisms
Thank You