Transcript 509 - Politics of late 19th Century

AP EURO
Unit #5 – Nationalism of 19th Century
PPT #509
Politics and Empire Building of
Late 19th Century
(Lesson 11-12 notes from the book)
Essential Questions
• 21. Why did the very hawkish Bismarck
become more dovish after German
unification?
• 22. How did Victoria save the British
monarchy?
General Trends in Government
• The masses shifted their loyalties to a nationstate government by the 1870s
• Why?
• What had transpired?
• Political parties more closely aligned with
electorate
• The masses gained right to vote by century end –
felt like they were a part of something special
• Laws became more responsive to masses
• Politicians used nationalism to gain popular
support
• Nationalism became extreme and competitive
New German Empire
Politics of the new German Empire
• Co-joined 25 German states into one empire
• Strong national movement
• What were Bismarck's policies?
– Control internal politics
• That meant to prevent a socialist majority
– Avoid foreign conflict
WHAT IS HE TALKING ABOUT?
“It is the destiny of the
weak to be devoured by
the strong.”
PROVIDE EVIDENCE
Otto von Bismarck
“Laws are like sausages.
It's better not to see
them being made.”
WHY IS THAT?
Otto von Bismarck
“Politics are not a
science based on logic;
they are the capacity of
always choosing at each
instant, in constantly
changing situations, the
least harmful, the most
useful.”
WHAT IS HE
DESCRIBING?
Otto von Bismarck
“People never lie so
much as after a hunt,
during a war, or before
an election.”
IS THIS WHAT ALL POLITICIANS DO?
Otto von Bismarck
“One day the great
European War will
come out of some
damned foolish thing in
the Balkans.”
OF WHAT IS THIS A PREMONITION?
Otto von Bismarck
WHAT IS HE SUGGESTING ABOUT IMPERIALISM?
Kulturkampf
WHAT IS HAPPENING HERE?
Kulturkampf
• Bismarck’s attempt to diminish the power of
the Church
• Most of Germany was Catholic
• A Catholic Germany… why might a guy like
Bismarck take issue with this?
• This was a failure –
• Bismarck backed off by 1878
Realpolitik
• Bismarck was a master diplomat
• Definition: a system of politics or principles
based on practical rather than moral or
ideological considerations.
• How did Kulturkampf turn out to be realpolitik?
• Bismarck’s realpolitik: raised tariff on cheap
grain from USA – got him support of Catholics
(mostly poor farmers) = PROTECTIONISM
• Why will this cause issues all over Europe?
• Caused issues when other nations followed –
leading to increased international antagonism.
German Social Democrats
• His only real challenge to his power in the Reichstag
(lower house)
“socialists”
• Bismarck blamed the several attacks to William I on
socialists
• Allowed him to strictly control their meetings
• Eventual banning of party
• In mean time: applied realpolitik to relationship with
socialist supporters – How would he do this?
• Gave in to workers’ demands
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Old age pensions
Retirement benefits
Paid for by all workers – first income tax EVER
Caused socialists to become impotent
William II
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Grandson to William I
Ascended to throne in 1888
Young, instable, idealistic
extreme nationalist – Will this be an issue?
Opposed Bismarck’s power
Craved to be loved by workers and the British
Forced Bismarck resign – why will this matter?
The new post-Bismarck Germany would evolve
to young Kaiser William’s vision
• “our place in the sun”
• Militaristic and imperialistic
New French Republic
The New France of 1871
• Empire destroyed by Prussians (1871)
• Paris Commune refused to surrender – French
government turned cannon on own citizenry
• Franco-Prussian War – why will this matter?
• French attempted a new monarchy
• National Assembly could find no takers in the
Bourbon and Orleans families
• After five years – declared themselves the
THIRD REPUBLIC
• Became increasingly socialist
Dreyfus Affair
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France had become more secular
And Catholics and secularists were uniting
Everything seemed fine… and then…
CAPT Dryfus was accused of selling secrets to the
Germans during the post- Franco-Prussian War era
Why will just the thought of this capture national
attention?
People took sides,
splitting the nation
He was found guilty,
sentenced to life in prison, at Devil’s Island
Dreyfus Affair
• He was to be shamed by the army
• Emile Zola supported him; got him exonerated
click
British Government
British monarchs of 19th century
• George III (1760-1820) – American Revolution
• George IV (1820-1830) – first son to George III
accused his father of insanity, so he could rule.
– Charming, but selfish, unreliable, irresponsible
– Secretly (illegally) married his catholic, commoner GF
– King forced him into unhappy marriage to cousin
• William IV (1830-1837) – third son to George III
– Ended slavery, the Poor Law, Reform Bill of 1832
– Had 10 illigitimate kids with actress GF – no legitimate
– Power passed to daughter of 4th son of George III
• Victoria I (1837-1901)- only legitimate grandchild of
George III – 63 years monarch
Queen Victoria and Victorian Engl.
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She saved the monarchy
Why would I say that?
Represented loyalty, thrift hard work
Married her love and cousin, Albert of the
house of Saxe-Coburg Gotha
• Nine children – married them into various
royal houses in Europe
• That meant that many monarch just prior to
WWI were closely related
House of Commons
• House of Lords fully subordinate to Commons
• Whigs vs. Tories
• Second Reform Bill of 1867
– Conservative Legislation – Benjamin Disraeli
– Full suffrage to middle class and Labor Aristocracy
– Purpose: increase anti-whig voters
• Third Reform Bill of 1884
– Full male suffrage
The People’s Budget
• Liberals took Commons with
Prime Minster David Lloyd George
• New political party
• With new suffrage, who will they represent?
• Increased spending on socialist agenda
• Raised taxes on the wealthy
• National health insurance, unemployment
benefits, old age pensions
Home Rule in Ireland
• British slowly granting more freedoms to Irish
• Rights to Catholic peasants
• WWI stopped all developments
• Irish agitated, esp. the non-agrig. Northern
section of Ulster
• N. Irish raised an army of 100,000 militants
– Supported by British populace
– Irish raise there own army – the IRA
Marxism and Socialist Movement
• Socialism became a powerful political party by
close of 1871
• Marx claimed that workers had no nation
– Needed to unite across borders
• Founded FIRST INTERNATIONAL
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Union of workers
He passionately supported the Paris Commune
Meeting collapsed
Second International
• Second International (1889-1914)
– Met every three years to discuss socialism
– Created “May Day” to celebrate the worker
Assessment of later 19th century
Assessment of Decade
• Changes in Britain
• Changes in France
• Changes in Germany
• Changes in Russia
Great Migration
• (we’ll do this later…)