Transcript 1000nal4.ppt

The Brain
GABA Weight Loss Ad
The Brain
The Brain
Localization vs
Equipotentiality
Brain Structures
and Functions
Left and Right
Hemispheres
Cortical Plasticity
The Brain
Localization vs
Equipotentiality
Phrenology
equipotentiality
Brain Structures
and Functions
Localization
Left and Right
Hemispheres
Neuroimaging
techniques
Cortical Plasticity
Development of Localization
Phrenology
Gall
Equipotentiality
Flourens
Localization
Broca
Neuroimaging Techniques
Structural
MRI
Temporal Resolution
EEG
MEG
Spatial Resolution
PET
SPECT
fMRI
SPECT
Nicotine and Caffeine Abuse
45 y/o - 27 yrs of heavy use
3 packs of cigs and 3 pots of coffee daily
The Brain
Localization vs
Equipotentiality
Brainstem
Brain Structures
and Functions
MIdbrain
Left and Right
Hemispheres
Forebrain
Cortical Plasticity
Brainstem
Extension of the spinal cord
survival programs
breathing
swallowing
gagging/vomiting
consists of hindbrain and midbrain
Hindbrain
Pons
contains part of reticular formation
contains large nucleus that relays info from
cortex to cerebellum
Medulla
contains part of reticular formation
Hindbrain
Cerebellum
performance of coordinated movements
integrates visual, auditory, vestibular and
somatosensory info and info about individual
muscle movements
motor learning
Midbrain
Midbrain
helps integrate motor and sensory
information
Reticular Formation (part of the
tegmentum)
receives sensory info that it projects to the
cortex and basal ganglia
sleep and arousal
regulation of cardiovascular system,
respiration and skeletal muscle tone
sleep
Tectum
on top of the midbrain
contains:
superior colliculi - part of visual system
inferior colliculi - part of auditory system
orienting head and body to face prominent
stimuli (topographic map of space)
Forebrain
Diencephalon
hypothalamus
thalamus
Telencephalon
limbic system
basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Controls autonomic nervous system
body temperature
circadian rhythms
blood pressure
controls the endocrine system
hormones produced hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland
controls hormonal release
Hypothalamus
Organizes behaviour related to survival of
the species - the so-called four F’s:
•Fighting
•Feeding
•Fleeing
•Mating
Thalamus
Composed of numerous nuclei
Gateway to the cortex
all sensory info except olfactory
controlling general excitability of the
cortex
attention/blocking info during sleep
Limbic System
Hippocampus
learning and memory
spatial navigation
Amygdala
emotional memories
classical learning
associating environmental stimuli with emotion (fear)
interpreting emotions conveyed by facial expressions
Basal Ganglia
Consists of
caudate nucleus,
putamen and
globus pallidus
input from cerebral cortex
project to motor centers of brainstem
planning and producing movement
Basal Ganglia
Damage to basal ganglia
motor disorders
initiation of planned movement
impaired motor learning
habits
Damage of projections to basal ganglia
Parkinson’s disease
Frontal Lobe
Primary motor cortex
contralateral connects to muscles in different
parts of the body
Motor Association cortex
planning movements
Prefrontal cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
formulating plans and strategies
sequencing
flexibility of behaviour
control of impulses/self-control
management of interference
attention
judgement/critical thinking
short-term memory
Damage to Prefrontal
Cortex
right frontal lobe - difficulty appreciating
humour
socially inept
rule breaking
impulsive
distractible
poor time management/poor organization
poor judgement/don’t learn from mistakes
ADD - concentration task
marked decrease in prefrontal
and left temporal regions
Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex
info from skin
touch
temperature
pressure
possibly pain (phantom limb)
Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex
info from skin
touch
temperature
pressure
possibly pain (phantom limb)
posterior parietal lobe
visually guided movements
hemineglect
Temporal Lobes
Primary auditory cortex
auditory comprehension
left hemisphere - language
right hemisphere - sounds, melodies, noises
Occipital Lobes
Primary visual cortex
visual association cortex
pathway from visual to parietal cortex
visually guided movements
pathway from visual to temporal cortex
object recognition
Marijuana
18 y/o - 3 year history of 4X/wk use
decreased pfc and temporal lobe activity
underside
Marijuana
28 y/o - 10 years of mostly weekend use
decreased pfc and temporal lobe activity
underside
Heroin
39 y/o - 25 yrs of frequent use
front on surface view - marked overall decreased activity
Cocaine
24 y/o - 2 yr of frequent use
top down surface view
multiple holes across cortical surface
Alcohol
38 y/o - 17 years of heavy weekend use
marked overall decreased activity
Lateralization of Function
In general:
left hemisphere
analytic
sequential
right hemisphere
spatial
holistic analysis
emotions - facial, tone body language
The Brain
Localization vs
Equipotentiality
Brain Structures
and Functions
Left and Right
Hemispheres
Cortical Plasticity
Violinists have more cortical area devoted
to the fingers in the right hemisphere
than in the left hemisphere. Why?
Synaptic Plasticity
Learning/experience
increases spine density