This diagram of a column of air molecules illustrates which of these concepts?

A. Temperatures increase with altitude.

B. Air is densest near Earth’s surface.

C. Winds are fastest near Earth’s surface.

D. Water is denser than air.

This diagram of a column of air molecules illustrates which of these concepts?

A. Temperatures increase with altitude.

B. Air is densest near Earth’s surface.

C. Winds are fastest near Earth’s surface.

D. Water is denser than air.

Why is the top of the stratosphere warmer than the bottom?

A. ozone absorbs solar energy B. because of reflection by clouds C. because of the presence of large amounts of water vapor D. because of recent increases in carbon dioxide

Why is the top of the stratosphere warmer than the bottom?

A. ozone absorbs solar energy

B. because of reflection by clouds C. because of the presence of large amounts of water vapor D. because of recent increases in carbon dioxide

Of the permanent gases, which is the most abundant and comprises approximately 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume?

A. nitrogen B. oxygen C. carbon dioxide D. argon

Of the permanent gases, which is the most abundant and comprises approximately 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume?

A. nitrogen

B. oxygen C. carbon dioxide D. argon

What type of energy does carbon dioxide absorb very efficiently?

A. ultraviolet radiation B. radiation emitted by the Sun C. cosmic and gamma rays D. radiation emitted by Earth

What type of energy does carbon dioxide absorb very efficiently?

A. ultraviolet radiation B. radiation emitted by the Sun C. cosmic and gamma rays

D. radiation emitted by Earth

From which direction is the wind blowing in Winnipeg?

A. east B. west C. northeast D. southwest

From which direction is the wind blowing in Winnipeg?

A. east

B. west

C. northeast D. southwest

What is the distance from one wave crest to the next wave crest?

A. wavelength B. frequency C. resonance D. microwave

What is the distance from one wave crest to the next wave crest?

A. wavelength

B. frequency C. resonance D. microwave

In the diagram, all of the energy is a type of A. light.

B. conduction.

C. convection.

D. radiation.

In the diagram, all of the energy is a type of A. light.

B. conduction.

C. convection.

D. radiation.

Which wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum are visible to the human eye?

A. 10 -8 – 10 -6 micron B. 0.4

– 0.7 micron C. 1 – 100 microns D. 100 – 1000 microns

Which wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum are visible to the human eye?

A. 10 -8 – 10 -6 micron

B. 0.4

–

0.7 micron

C. 1 – 100 microns D. 100 – 1000 microns

How much more energy does a unit area on the Sun emit compared with the same surface area on Earth?

A. 2 B. 160 C. 16,000 D. 160,000

How much more energy does a unit area on the Sun emit compared with the same surface area on Earth?

A. 2 B. 160 C. 16,000

D. 160,000

At what wavelength does the Sun emit the most radiation?

A. 0.5 micron B. 1.0 micron C. 10 microns D. 25 microns

At what wavelength does the Sun emit the most radiation?

A. 0.5 micron

B. 1.0 micron C. 10 microns D. 25 microns

At what wavelength does Earth emit the most radiation?

A. 0.5 micron B. 1.0 micron C. 10 microns D. 25 microns

At what wavelength does Earth emit the most radiation?

A. 0.5 micron B. 1.0 micron

C. 10 microns

D. 25 microns

During which months are the Sun’s rays directly overhead at the equator?

A. December & June B. March & September C. June & July D. October & November

During which months are the Sun’s rays directly overhead at the equator?

A. December & June

B. March & September

C. June & July D. October & November

When does the subsolar point coincide with 23.5

° N?

A. December B. March C. June D. September

02.09

When does the subsolar point coincide with 23.5

° N?

A. December B. March

C. June

D. September

During which month does perihelion occur?

A. July B. January C. December D. March

During which month does perihelion occur?

A. July

B. January

C. December D. March

Earth’s peak emission of 10 micrometers can be quantified using which radiation law?

A. Stefan-Boltzmann Law B. Inverse Square Law C. Kirchoff’s Law D. Wien’s Law

Earth’s peak emission of 10 micrometers can be quantified using which radiation law?

A. Stefan-Boltzmann Law B. Inverse Square Law C. Kirchoff’s Law

D. Wien’s Law

What are the three main mechanisms for heat transfer between Earth’s atmosphere and surface?

A. conduction, convection, and radiation B. convection, advection, and radiation C. radiation, emission, and conveyance D. magnetism, fusion, and fission

What are the three main mechanisms for heat transfer between Earth’s atmosphere and surface?

A. conduction, convection, and radiation

B. convection, advection, and radiation C. radiation, emission, and conveyance D. magnetism, fusion, and fission

Which type of scattering is caused by small gas molecules and affects shorter wavelengths?

A. Mie B. Wien C. Rayleigh D. Newton

Which type of scattering is caused by small gas molecules and affects shorter wavelengths?

A. Mie B. Wien

C. Rayleigh

D. Newton

Which type of scattering is caused by larger aerosols and affects longer wavelengths?

A. Mie B. Wien C. Rayleigh D. Newton

Which type of scattering is caused by larger aerosols and affects longer wavelengths?

A. Mie

B. Wien C. Rayleigh D. Newton

What is the term for the 8 –12 micrometer region of Earth’s emission curve, shown below?

A. atmospheric gray belt B. atmospheric blackbody C. atmospheric window D. highly absorptive region

What is the term for the 8 –12 micrometer region of Earth’s emission curve, shown below?

A. atmospheric gray belt B. atmospheric blackbody

C. atmospheric window

D. highly absorptive region

Why does the top of the building appear taller than it actually is?

A. reflection B. refraction C. opacity D. translucence

Why does the top of the building appear taller than it actually is?

A. reflection

B. refraction

C. opacity D. translucence

What could this viewing situation create for the observer?

A. an inverted image B. an inferior image C. a secondary rainbow D. a superior image

What could this viewing situation create for the observer?

A. an inverted image B. an inferior image

C. a secondary rainbow

D. a superior image

What is the refraction effect below caused by?

A. an inversion B. ice crystals C. water droplets D. a steep lapse rate

What is the refraction effect below caused by?

A. an inversion B. ice crystals C. water droplets

D. a steep lapse rate

Water: An Earth History

OUTGASSING TORRENTIAL RAINS PRODUCED LAKES AND OCEANS DISSOLVED AND UNDISSOLVED ELEMENTS PRESENT VOLUME 1,360,000,000 km 3 VOLUME IS STABLE

Water Reservoir Oceans Ice caps, glaciers Ground water Fresh-water lakes Inland seas Soil moisture

Atmosphere

Rivers 97.24% 2.14% 0.61% 0.009% 0.008% 0.005%

<0.001%

<0.0001% Source: U.S. Geological Survey

Some fast-moving molecules escape from the liquid

Evaporation, condensation and saturation

balanced

In cool air, H nuclei 2 O molecules are more likely to join

CHANGES DOES NOT CHANGE

MASS / VOLUME

g H 2 O / m 3 air

Specific humidity:

the mass of water vapour (g) per mass of air (kg)

Maximum specific humidity is the maximum mass of water vapour that can be held by 1kg of air at a given temperature

MASS OF WATER VAPOUR TOTAL MASS OF DRY AIR

g H

2

O / kg dry air

The ratio of the amount of water vapour in the air to the maximum amount of water vapour that could be present at the same temperature

The relative humidity of saturated air is 100% RH = [H 2 0 vapour content/H 2 0 capacity] x 100

Influence of temperature on relative humidity

The portion of atmospheric pressure that is

made up of water vapour molecules (mb or kPa) SATURATED VAPOUR PRESSURE: The pressure that water vapour molecules would exert if the air were saturated (at a given temperature)

RELATIVE HUMIDITY SPECIFIC HUMIDITY

Sling psychrometer

http://www.csgnetwork.com/canhumidexcalc.html

Heat Index

Why do surfaces facing the wind have more frost?

BLACK FROST

•A surface is required for condensation •Condensation nuclei >0.1  m best •About 10-1000 large nuclei per cm 3 (more in lower troposphere and over land) •

Hygroscopic

or

hydrophobic

Source: Dust, volcanoes, factory smoke, forest fires, ocean spray salt, sulphate particles from phytoplankton

Dry adiabatic cooling

Fog forms if T d is reached

Cold water advection fog

WHY DOES FOG FORM HERE?

Warm water advection fog

CAN ADVECTION FOG FORM OVER LAND MASSES?

YES

Base camp

2º30 ´ 25 ´´ N, 77º00 ´ 02 ´´ W, 1450 m Field Station Tambito al Cocal River

What is demonstrated in this diagram?

A. the energy balance B. how precipitation forms C. how clouds form D. the hydrologic cycle

What is demonstrated in this diagram?

A. the energy balance B. how precipitation forms C. how clouds form

D. the hydrologic cycle

Saturation vapor pressure _______.

A. doubles for each 10 °C temperature decrease B. is relatively high in cool air C. is relatively low in warm air D. greatly increases in warm air

Saturation vapor pressure _______.

A. doubles for each 10 °C temperature decrease B. is relatively high in cool air C. is relatively low in warm air

D. greatly increases in warm air

specific humidity 6 g/kg What is the relative humidity in this example?

saturation specific humidity 18 g/kg A. 33 percent B. 50 percent C. 75 percent D. 100 percent

specific humidity 6 g/kg What is the relative humidity in this example?

saturation specific humidity 18 g/kg

A. 33 percent

B. 50 percent C. 75 percent D. 100 percent

What can be deduced from this diagram?

A. Water vapor undergoes large daily changes.

B. Relative humidity is positively related to air temperature.

C. Relative humidity causes air temperature changes.

D. Relative humidity is inversely related to temperature.

What can be deduced from this diagram?

A. Water vapor undergoes large daily changes.

B. Relative humidity is positively related to air temperature.

C. Relative humidity causes air temperature changes.

D. Relative humidity is inversely related to temperature.

If the air cooled to 8 °C, what would happen to dew point temperature?

A. nothing B. random changes C. an increase to 12 °C D. a decrease to 8 °C

If the air cooled to 8 °C, what would happen to dew point temperature?

A. nothing B. random changes C. an increase to 12 °C

D. a decrease to 8 °C

How could air parcel A become saturated?

Saturation specific humidity A A. decrease its temperature B. decrease its water vapor C. decrease its altitude D. increase its density Temperature

How could air parcel A become saturated?

Saturation specific humidity A

A. decrease its temperature

B. decrease its water vapor C. decrease its altitude D. increase its density Temperature

Which of the following describes a smaller cloud droplet?

A. It has as much mass as the larger droplet.

B. It requires higher relative humidity to keep from evaporating.

C. It has no solute effect.

D. It has less curvature than the larger droplet.

Which of the following describes a smaller cloud droplet?

A. It has as much mass as the larger droplet.

B. It requires higher relative humidity to keep from evaporating.

C. It has no solute effect.

D. It has less curvature than the larger droplet.

05.11

What is the term for the apparent temperature that takes into account temperature and wind speed?

A. wind chill index B. dewpoint temperature C. heat index D. frostpoint temperature Aguado: Understanding Weather and Climate, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

05.11

What is the term for the apparent temperature that takes into account temperature and wind speed?

A. wind chill index

B. dewpoint temperature C. heat index D. frostpoint temperature Aguado: Understanding Weather and Climate, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

What is illustrated in this diagram?

A. environmental lapse rate B. dry adiabatic lapse rate C. saturated adiabatic lapse rate D. dewpoint lapse rate

What is illustrated in this diagram?

A. environmental lapse rate

B. dry adiabatic lapse rate

C. saturated adiabatic lapse rate D. dewpoint lapse rate

What type of fog is common around San Francisco?

A. valley fog B. advection fog C. upslope fog D. ground fog Aguado: Understanding Weather and Climate, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

What type of fog is common around San Francisco?

A. valley fog

B. advection fog

C. upslope fog D. ground fog

What type of fog is common in the Appalachians?

A. valley fog B. advection fog C. upslope fog D. ground fog

What type of fog is common in the Appalachians?

A. valley fog

B. advection fog C. upslope fog D. ground fog

What is the dry adiabatic lapse rate?

A. 0.5 °C/100m B. 1.0 °C/100m C. 1.5 °C/100m D. 2.5 °C/100m

What is the dry adiabatic lapse rate?

A. 0.5 °C/100m B. 1.0 °C/100m C. 1.5 °C/100m D. 2.5 °C/100m

What is the saturated adiabatic lapse rate?

A. 0.5 °C/100m B. 1.0 °C/100m C. 1.5 °C/100m D. 2.5 °C/100m

What is the saturated adiabatic lapse rate?

A. 0.5 °C/100m B. 1.0 °C/100m C. 1.5 °C/100m D. 2.5 °C/100m

AIR PRESSURE FORCES AND WIND

Definition:

The difference in atmospheric pressure per unit distance PGF acts at right angles to isobars of equal pressure

H

102.2

101.4

100.6

600 km

Pressure Gradient Force = 2.4 kPa / 600 km = 0.4 kPa / 100 km

L

99.8

Where are winds strongest ?

Oct 18, 2004 Solution: HUDSON BAY

Check the spacing of the isobars of equal surface pressure

Source: NASA

Surface roughness decreases wind speed Reduces impact of Inertial Coriolis Force Winds cross isobars, spiralling out of ANTICYCLONES (H), and into CYCLONES (L) H L

weather.unisys.com

H L Air tends to be unstable in low pressure (tendency to rise) Air tends to be stable in high pressure (tendency to fall)

1. Equatorial Low Pressure Trough 2. Subtropical High Pressure Cells 3. Subpolar Low Pressure Cells 4. Weak Polar High Pressure Cells

ICE CAP TUNDRA BOREAL MIXED TEMPERATE BROADLEAF DESERT SAVANNA RAIN FOREST SAVANNA DESERT MIXED TEMPERATE TUNDRA ICE CAP

How does this relate to the “jet stream”?

Geostrophic wind

(above strong influence of friction)

CHAPTER 10

ULTRASONIC SOUND WAVES DETERMINE WIND SPEED, DIRECTION & TEMPERATURE Sonic transducers

http://www.wrds.uwyo.edu/wrds/rmfres/fendrift.html

Also SW Ontario

Cooling At MALR 6 ° C/km X VANCOUVER 8 ° C Warming At DALR 10 ° C/km Cooling At MALR 6 ° C/km Warming At DALR 10 ° C/km Cooling At DALR 10 ° C/km X LETHBRIDGE 12 ° C More sensible heat

“Don’t try this at home”

Santa Ana Winds

Entrained Particle Exposed section Buried Portion

Which circulation cell extends from the equator to the subtropics?

A. Polar cell B. Hadley cell C. ITCZ D. Ferrel cell

Which circulation cell extends from the equator to the subtropics?

A. Polar cell

B. Hadley cell

C. ITCZ D. Ferrel cell

Which circulation cell extends from the subpolar lows to the poles?

A. Polar cell B. Hadley cell C. ITCZ D. Ferrel cell

Which circulation cell extends from the subpolar lows to the poles?

A. Polar cell

B. Hadley cell C. ITCZ D. Ferrel cell

Which circulation cell extends from the subtropics to the subpolar lows?

A. Polar cell B. Hadley cell C. ITCZ D. Ferrel cell

Which circulation cell extends from the subtropics to the subpolar lows?

A. Polar cell B. Hadley cell C. ITCZ

D. Ferrel cell

Which global wind belt is between the subtropical highs and the subpolar lows?

A. trade winds B. westerlies C. ITCZ D. easterlies

Which global wind belt is between the subtropical highs and the subpolar lows?

A. trade winds

B. westerlies

C. ITCZ D. easterlies

Which global wind belt is between the ITCZ and the subtropical highs?

A. trade winds B. westerlies C. ITCZ D. easterlies

Which global wind belt is between the ITCZ and the subtropical highs?

A. trade winds

B. westerlies C. ITCZ D. easterlies

What occupies the region labeled “A”?

A

A. cyclone B. jet stream C. tornado D. semi permanent cell

What occupies the region labeled “A”?

A

A. cyclone

B. jet stream

C. tornado D. semi permanent cell

A

What are the dashed lines?

A. isotherms B. isobars C. pressure heights D. isohyets

A

What are the dashed lines?

A. isotherms B. isobars

C. pressure heights

D. isohyets

What do the lines on this map show?

A. many isobars B. a cold front C. a middle latitude cyclone D. Rossby waves

What do the lines on this map show?

A. many isobars B. a cold front C. a middle latitude cyclone

D. Rossby waves

Which season is depicted in the photo?

A. summer B. winter C. fall D. spring

Which season is depicted in the photo?

A. summer

B. winter C. fall D. spring

Where will the Santa Ana winds likely occur?

A. New York B. Florida C. Texas D. California

Where will the Santa Ana winds likely occur?

A. New York B. Florida C. Texas

D. California

Which type wind is depicted?

A. katabatic wind B. land breeze C. sea breeze D. Santa Ana wind

Which type wind is depicted?

A. katabatic wind B. land breeze

C. sea breeze

D. Santa Ana wind