Transcript Political Parties Notes

11
Political Parties
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11
Learning Objectives
11.1
Trace the evolution of the two-party
system in the United States.
11.2
Outline the structure of American
political parties at the national,
state, and local levels.
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Learning Objectives
11.3
Identify the functions performed by
American political parties.
11.4
Analyze how political socialization
and group affiliations shape party
identification.
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Learning Objectives
11.5
Evaluate the role of minor parties in
the American two-party system.
11.6
Assess party polarization in the
modern era.
11.2
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Roots of the Two-Party System
11.1
 The Development of the Political Parties,
1800–1824
 Jacksonian Democracy, 1824–1860
 The Golden Age, 1860–1932
 The Modern Era
 Citizen Support and Party Realignment
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Political Ideology
What is Your Ideology?
http://www.peoplepress.org/quiz/political-typology/
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What Do they believe?
http://www.studentnewsdaily.com/con
servative-vs-liberal-beliefs/
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The Development of Political
Parties, 1800–1824
 Ratification of the U.S. Constitution
 Federalists supported strong central government
 Election of 1800
 Thomas Jefferson versus John Adams
 Political parties intended to be temporary, not longterm structures
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11.1
FIGURE 11.1 How has the two-party system
developed?
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11.1
Jacksonian Democracy,
1824–1860
 Political party influence
 Decreased at the national level
 Increased at the state level due to expansion of the
electorate
 Whigs and Democrats
 Gave the United States the first broadly-supported
two-party system in the Western World
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11.1
The Golden Age, 1860–1932
11.1
 Party Stability
 Characterized by the dominance of party organizations
 Era from end of Reconstruction until reforms of the
Progressive Era
 Political Machines
 Organizations that use tangible incentives such as jobs
and favors to win loyalty among voters
 Provided upward social mobility
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Where did the party symbols originate?
The Granger Collection, NYC
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11.1
11.1
The Modern Era
 Elections and social services changes
 Ballot printing, other elections duties handled by
government instead of parties
 Roosevelt's New Deal put social services in hands of
government, not parties.
 Candidate-centered politics
 Shift to focus on candidates, their issues, and
character rather than on party affiliation
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Citizen Support and Party
Realignment
11.1
 Party realignments
 Dramatic shifts in partisan preference that drastically
alter the political landscape
 Existing party affiliations subject to upheaval
 Critical elections
 May polarize voters around new issues or personalities
 Secular realignments
 More gradual shifts in party coalitions
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FIGURE 11.2 What does a realignment look
like?
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11.1
11.1 A major shift in power and
popularity from one party to another
is a what?
a. Party realignment
b. Party machine
c. Secular realignment
d. Critical election
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11.1
11.1 A major shift in power and
popularity from one party to another
is a what?
a. Party realignment
b. Party machine
c. Secular realignment
d. Critical election
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11.1
The Organization of American
Political Parties




The National Party
The National Convention
State and Local Parties
Informal Groups
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11.2
FIGURE 11.3 How are political parties
organized?
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11.2
11.2
The National Party
 The national chairperson
 Often selected by president or newly nominated
presidential candidate
 Chief fundraiser and spokesperson
 The national committee
 Coordinates national convention and presidential campaign
 Democratic National Committee (DNC)
 Republican National Committee (RNC)
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The National Convention
 Every four years
 Present a positive image of the candidate
 Serve as pep rallies
 Delegates
 Formerly selected by party leaders, now often elected
in primary elections and caucuses
 Superdelegates
 Allow Democratic Party some control
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11.2
11.2
State and Local Parties
 Roots of the party
 Virtually all government regulation of political parties
is handled by the states.
 Vast majority of party leadership positions are held at
state and local level.
 Precinct
 Smallest voting unit
 Fundamental building block of the party
 State executive committee
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11.2
Informal Groups
 Official and semi-official groups
 Affiliations of state and local party women
 Affiliations with college campus organizations
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How do college students help political
parties?
11.2
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11.2
Informal Groups
 Supportive interest groups
 Provide money and labor
 Such as labor unions, chambers of commerce
 Think tanks
 Institutional collections of policy-oriented researchers
and academics
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11.2 These people act as the "foot
soldiers" of the party.
a. State executive committee members
b. National party chairpersons
c. Precinct committee members
d. Party delegates
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11.2
11.2 These people act as the "foot
soldiers" of the party.
a. State executive committee members
b. National party chairpersons
c. Precinct committee members
d. Party delegates
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11.2
11.3
Activities of American
Political Parties




Running Candidates for Office
Formulating and Promoting Policy
Organizing Government
Furthering Unity, Linkage, and
Accountability
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Running Candidates for Office
11.3
 Raising money
 Well-developed networks of donors
 Raise money and disseminate it to candidates
 Mobilizing support and getting out the vote
 Public opinion polls and tracking surveys
 Create TV advertisements
 "Get out the vote" Election Day activities
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FIGURE 11.4 How much money do parties
raise?
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11.3
Formulating and Promoting
Policy
11.3
 National Party Platform
 Most visible instrument used to formulate, convey, and
promote public policy
 Each party develops a lengthy platform outlining its
positions.
 About two-thirds of the winning party's platform tends
to be enacted.
 About one-half of the losing party's platform tends to
be enacted.
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Table 11.1 What do party platforms say?
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11.3
Organizing Government
11.3
 Parties in Congress
 Party members in Congress select congressional leaders.
 Those congressional leaders hold enormous power.
 The presidential party
 President is informal party leader
 Parties in the federal courts
 Parties in state government
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How has party unity affected politics?
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11.3
What does a nonpartisan president look like?
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11.3
Furthering Unity, Linkage and
Accountability
11.3
 Party role
 Parties are the glue that holds elements of government
and political structure together
 Link together branches of government
 One more means of accountability
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11.3 The political parties have
11.3
great influence in Congress
because:
a. Congressional representatives owe them
loyalty in return for campaign help.
b. Parties arrange for the selection of
congressional leaders.
c. Parties are instrumental in deciding who
runs for office.
d. None of the above.
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11.3 The political parties have
11.3
great influence in Congress
because:
a. Congressional representatives owe them
loyalty in return for campaign help.
b. Parties arrange for the selection of
congressional leaders.
c. Parties are instrumental in deciding who
runs for office.
d. None of the above.
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11.4
Party Identification
 Political Socialization
 Group Affiliations
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11.4
Political Socialization
 Parents
 Single greatest influence on political beliefs
 Other aspects of adult life
 Marriage
 Economic status
 Charismatic leaders
 Franklin D. Roosevelt
 Ronald Reagan
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11.4
Group Affiliations







Geography
Gender
Race and ethnicity
Age
Social and economic factors
Religion
Marital status
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TABLE 11.2 Who identifies as a Democrat?
A Republican?
11.4
continued on next slide
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TABLE 11.2 Who identifies as a Democrat?
A Republican?
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11.4
Which political party do Hispanics support?
11.4
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11.4 Which people have the most
significant influence on a person's
political socialization?
a. Parents
b. Peers
c. Co-workers
d. Civic groups
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11.4
11.4 Which people have the most
significant influence on a person's
political socialization?
a. Parents
b. Peers
c. Co-workers
d. Civic groups
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11.4
Minor Parties in the the
American Two-Party System
 The formation and role of minor parties
 Barriers to minor-party success
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11.5
The Formation and Role of
Minor Parties
 Obstacles
 Transitioning from social movement to party is difficult
 Minor parties have had influence
 Dixiecrats
 Green Party
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11.5
TABLE 11.3 What are some of America's
minor parties?
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11.5
Barriers to Minor-Party
Success
11.5
 Proportional representation
 Apportions legislative seats according to percentage of
votes a party receives
 Winner-take-all system
 Party that receives at least one more vote wins the
election
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11.5 This voting system is more
11.5
favorable to minor political parties:
a. Single-member, plurality electoral system
b. Winner-take-all electoral system
c. Electoral College
d. Proportional representation
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11.5 This voting system is more
11.5
favorable to minor political parties:
a. Single-member, plurality electoral system
b. Winner-take-all electoral system
c. Electoral College
d. Proportional representation
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Toward Reform: United or
Divided?
 Causes of Polarization
 Consequences of Polarization
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11.6
11.6
Causes of Polarization
 Geographic divide
 "The United States of Canada" to the north
 "Jesusland" to the south
 Stereotypes of political identifiers
 Republicans as NASCAR
 Democrats as Starbucks
 Wedge issues
 "Guns, God, and gays"
 Abortion, gay marriage
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Consequences of Polarization
 Congress
 Least productive in history
 Lack of moderates, lower incentive to compromise
 Consequences to electorate
 Forcing moderate electorate to choose between
extremes may increase voter apathy
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11.6
11.6 Wedge issues have been
blamed in part for recent deepening
divides. Which are wedge issues?
a. "Guns, God, and gays"
b. Abortion and contraception
c. Hot-button cultural issues
d. All of the above
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11.6
11.6 Wedge issues have been
blamed in part for recent deepening
divides. Which are wedge issues?
a. "Guns, God, and gays"
b. Abortion and contraception
c. Hot-button cultural issues
d. All of the above
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11.6
11
Discussion Questions
Is the two-party system good for
America?
Why is the country so polarized?
How can the problem be fixed?
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11
Further Review
 Listen to the Chapter
 Study and Review the Flashcards
 Study and Review the Practice Tests
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