Political Parties Notes
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11
Political Parties
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11
Learning Objectives
11.1
Trace the evolution of the two-party
system in the United States.
11.2
Outline the structure of American
political parties at the national,
state, and local levels.
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Learning Objectives
11.3
Identify the functions performed by
American political parties.
11.4
Analyze how political socialization
and group affiliations shape party
identification.
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Learning Objectives
11.5
Evaluate the role of minor parties in
the American two-party system.
11.6
Assess party polarization in the
modern era.
11.2
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Roots of the Two-Party System
11.1
The Development of the Political Parties,
1800–1824
Jacksonian Democracy, 1824–1860
The Golden Age, 1860–1932
The Modern Era
Citizen Support and Party Realignment
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Political Ideology
What is Your Ideology?
http://www.peoplepress.org/quiz/political-typology/
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What Do they believe?
http://www.studentnewsdaily.com/con
servative-vs-liberal-beliefs/
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The Development of Political
Parties, 1800–1824
Ratification of the U.S. Constitution
Federalists supported strong central government
Election of 1800
Thomas Jefferson versus John Adams
Political parties intended to be temporary, not longterm structures
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11.1
FIGURE 11.1 How has the two-party system
developed?
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11.1
Jacksonian Democracy,
1824–1860
Political party influence
Decreased at the national level
Increased at the state level due to expansion of the
electorate
Whigs and Democrats
Gave the United States the first broadly-supported
two-party system in the Western World
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11.1
The Golden Age, 1860–1932
11.1
Party Stability
Characterized by the dominance of party organizations
Era from end of Reconstruction until reforms of the
Progressive Era
Political Machines
Organizations that use tangible incentives such as jobs
and favors to win loyalty among voters
Provided upward social mobility
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Where did the party symbols originate?
The Granger Collection, NYC
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11.1
11.1
The Modern Era
Elections and social services changes
Ballot printing, other elections duties handled by
government instead of parties
Roosevelt's New Deal put social services in hands of
government, not parties.
Candidate-centered politics
Shift to focus on candidates, their issues, and
character rather than on party affiliation
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Citizen Support and Party
Realignment
11.1
Party realignments
Dramatic shifts in partisan preference that drastically
alter the political landscape
Existing party affiliations subject to upheaval
Critical elections
May polarize voters around new issues or personalities
Secular realignments
More gradual shifts in party coalitions
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FIGURE 11.2 What does a realignment look
like?
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11.1
11.1 A major shift in power and
popularity from one party to another
is a what?
a. Party realignment
b. Party machine
c. Secular realignment
d. Critical election
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11.1
11.1 A major shift in power and
popularity from one party to another
is a what?
a. Party realignment
b. Party machine
c. Secular realignment
d. Critical election
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11.1
The Organization of American
Political Parties
The National Party
The National Convention
State and Local Parties
Informal Groups
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11.2
FIGURE 11.3 How are political parties
organized?
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11.2
11.2
The National Party
The national chairperson
Often selected by president or newly nominated
presidential candidate
Chief fundraiser and spokesperson
The national committee
Coordinates national convention and presidential campaign
Democratic National Committee (DNC)
Republican National Committee (RNC)
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The National Convention
Every four years
Present a positive image of the candidate
Serve as pep rallies
Delegates
Formerly selected by party leaders, now often elected
in primary elections and caucuses
Superdelegates
Allow Democratic Party some control
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11.2
11.2
State and Local Parties
Roots of the party
Virtually all government regulation of political parties
is handled by the states.
Vast majority of party leadership positions are held at
state and local level.
Precinct
Smallest voting unit
Fundamental building block of the party
State executive committee
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11.2
Informal Groups
Official and semi-official groups
Affiliations of state and local party women
Affiliations with college campus organizations
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How do college students help political
parties?
11.2
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11.2
Informal Groups
Supportive interest groups
Provide money and labor
Such as labor unions, chambers of commerce
Think tanks
Institutional collections of policy-oriented researchers
and academics
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11.2 These people act as the "foot
soldiers" of the party.
a. State executive committee members
b. National party chairpersons
c. Precinct committee members
d. Party delegates
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11.2
11.2 These people act as the "foot
soldiers" of the party.
a. State executive committee members
b. National party chairpersons
c. Precinct committee members
d. Party delegates
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11.2
11.3
Activities of American
Political Parties
Running Candidates for Office
Formulating and Promoting Policy
Organizing Government
Furthering Unity, Linkage, and
Accountability
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Running Candidates for Office
11.3
Raising money
Well-developed networks of donors
Raise money and disseminate it to candidates
Mobilizing support and getting out the vote
Public opinion polls and tracking surveys
Create TV advertisements
"Get out the vote" Election Day activities
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FIGURE 11.4 How much money do parties
raise?
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11.3
Formulating and Promoting
Policy
11.3
National Party Platform
Most visible instrument used to formulate, convey, and
promote public policy
Each party develops a lengthy platform outlining its
positions.
About two-thirds of the winning party's platform tends
to be enacted.
About one-half of the losing party's platform tends to
be enacted.
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Table 11.1 What do party platforms say?
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11.3
Organizing Government
11.3
Parties in Congress
Party members in Congress select congressional leaders.
Those congressional leaders hold enormous power.
The presidential party
President is informal party leader
Parties in the federal courts
Parties in state government
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How has party unity affected politics?
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11.3
What does a nonpartisan president look like?
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11.3
Furthering Unity, Linkage and
Accountability
11.3
Party role
Parties are the glue that holds elements of government
and political structure together
Link together branches of government
One more means of accountability
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11.3 The political parties have
11.3
great influence in Congress
because:
a. Congressional representatives owe them
loyalty in return for campaign help.
b. Parties arrange for the selection of
congressional leaders.
c. Parties are instrumental in deciding who
runs for office.
d. None of the above.
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11.3 The political parties have
11.3
great influence in Congress
because:
a. Congressional representatives owe them
loyalty in return for campaign help.
b. Parties arrange for the selection of
congressional leaders.
c. Parties are instrumental in deciding who
runs for office.
d. None of the above.
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11.4
Party Identification
Political Socialization
Group Affiliations
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11.4
Political Socialization
Parents
Single greatest influence on political beliefs
Other aspects of adult life
Marriage
Economic status
Charismatic leaders
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Ronald Reagan
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11.4
Group Affiliations
Geography
Gender
Race and ethnicity
Age
Social and economic factors
Religion
Marital status
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TABLE 11.2 Who identifies as a Democrat?
A Republican?
11.4
continued on next slide
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TABLE 11.2 Who identifies as a Democrat?
A Republican?
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11.4
Which political party do Hispanics support?
11.4
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11.4 Which people have the most
significant influence on a person's
political socialization?
a. Parents
b. Peers
c. Co-workers
d. Civic groups
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11.4
11.4 Which people have the most
significant influence on a person's
political socialization?
a. Parents
b. Peers
c. Co-workers
d. Civic groups
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11.4
Minor Parties in the the
American Two-Party System
The formation and role of minor parties
Barriers to minor-party success
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11.5
The Formation and Role of
Minor Parties
Obstacles
Transitioning from social movement to party is difficult
Minor parties have had influence
Dixiecrats
Green Party
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11.5
TABLE 11.3 What are some of America's
minor parties?
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11.5
Barriers to Minor-Party
Success
11.5
Proportional representation
Apportions legislative seats according to percentage of
votes a party receives
Winner-take-all system
Party that receives at least one more vote wins the
election
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11.5 This voting system is more
11.5
favorable to minor political parties:
a. Single-member, plurality electoral system
b. Winner-take-all electoral system
c. Electoral College
d. Proportional representation
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11.5 This voting system is more
11.5
favorable to minor political parties:
a. Single-member, plurality electoral system
b. Winner-take-all electoral system
c. Electoral College
d. Proportional representation
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Toward Reform: United or
Divided?
Causes of Polarization
Consequences of Polarization
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11.6
11.6
Causes of Polarization
Geographic divide
"The United States of Canada" to the north
"Jesusland" to the south
Stereotypes of political identifiers
Republicans as NASCAR
Democrats as Starbucks
Wedge issues
"Guns, God, and gays"
Abortion, gay marriage
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Consequences of Polarization
Congress
Least productive in history
Lack of moderates, lower incentive to compromise
Consequences to electorate
Forcing moderate electorate to choose between
extremes may increase voter apathy
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11.6
11.6 Wedge issues have been
blamed in part for recent deepening
divides. Which are wedge issues?
a. "Guns, God, and gays"
b. Abortion and contraception
c. Hot-button cultural issues
d. All of the above
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11.6
11.6 Wedge issues have been
blamed in part for recent deepening
divides. Which are wedge issues?
a. "Guns, God, and gays"
b. Abortion and contraception
c. Hot-button cultural issues
d. All of the above
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11.6
11
Discussion Questions
Is the two-party system good for
America?
Why is the country so polarized?
How can the problem be fixed?
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11
Further Review
Listen to the Chapter
Study and Review the Flashcards
Study and Review the Practice Tests
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