Political

Quick Review Why the Iberians?

  Both Spain and Portugal had strong military traditions  Their countries were heavily urban  Many of the people who came wanted to succeed and become noble. So they were driven  Families were patriarchal, but women had an active role  Already had a tradition as slave holding societies

Conquest



“God, Gold, and Glory.”



Why were the Spanish successful?



Horses, firearms, steel weapons, leadership, disease, internal divisions and rivalries among the Indian tribes

Three Periods in the development of Early Latin America



1.

1492-1570-conquest 2.

1570-1700-consolidation and maturity 3.

18 th century-reform and reorganization

The Moral Question

  Take a minute and discuss:  Can you justify Conquest  Spread the holy word  Control the Indian labor  Free from unjust lords and bring salvation  They were not fully human



Background

 Agrarian Society  Large Scale Farming  Mining   Silver and Gold Encomiendas and Haciendas  Castas

The Spanish Bureaucracy

 1. The King ruled through the Council

of the Indies: Located in Spain

 Viceroy: High ranking noble who directly represents the king in Latin America  2 viceroyalties in the West Indies  Mexico City  Lima

The Spanish Bureaucracy

judicial divisions

 2. Viceroyalties subdivided into 10  Controlled by audiencias: judicial courts  Staffed by official royal magistrates

The Spanish Bureaucracy

 3. Royally appointed magistrates carried

out laws on the local level



The Clergy were along branch of the state

 Conversion  Catholic church held great influence on the colonists

Brazil is Different

  Portuguese  The Portuguese and Spanish claims had been decided by the Treaty of Tordesillas  Little in the region originally interested the Portuguese until the French showed interest in woods from the region  Where the towns were established, and the Indians were peaceful, they began to establish sugar plantations with Indian, and then African slaves

Shifting

  What was happening in Europe at this time with intellectual thought?

 Spain more or less monopoly of the West Indies  Unable to hold onto their mercantile interests  Other countries wanted to trade  Colonies were very self sufficient  Loosing territories  England, France and Holland

Crisis, The beginning of the

  Charles II dies (Spain)  NO HEIR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

 Was of the Spanish Succession  Treaty of Utrecht  Puts a French Family (Bourbon) on the thrown  Allows England to trade  Spanish Monopoly is broken  Bourbon Reforms

 Factories:

The Beginning

  Established trading forts allowing trade from the interior   Much is established with the consent of the African people.

El Mina  Missionary efforts  Europeans saw the Africans as pagan savages (just like the saw everyone else)  Few permanent settlements  This was for goods and slaves not for living

Patterns of Conquest

  What the Portuguese did in Africa is seen throughout the history of the slave trade:  Fortified trading stations  Combo of force and diplomacy  Alliances with local rulers  Predominance of commercial relations

Who

  The Portuguese were the main suppliers  The Dutch got involved later on capturing El Mina  The English wanted control for the plantations  African states on the coast benefitted from the slave trade  More inland states with firearms became suppliers

On the West Coast

  Two important states that developed out of the slave trade  Asante:  Dealt with the Dutch  dominated the gold coast until the 1820s  Dahomey:  With the use of guns, created its own autocratic society based on trading slaves

On the East Coast

  Continued to trade luxury items with the Muslim world  Some slaves got to Europe/America  Islamization will connect the northern savanna with the western external slave routes  This new phase with be more violent  Linked Islam and the slave trade  Movement to purify the Sufi  Major impact of the pastoral people (Fulani)



South Africa

 1652: The Dutch East India Company  Colony Cape of Good Hope   Provision post Dutch = Boers  1795: English take Cape Colony   1815 formal British Control Limited Boers landholding  1834: Britain outlaws slavery  Great Trek: Boers leave top be free of government control in the North  Moving into someone else's land