Transcript Geospatial Fire Data for Monitoring and Analysis

Comprehensive, Value-added
Geospatial Fire Data for Monitoring
and Analysis
Introduction to Remote Sensing and Air Quality Applications Workshop
April 22-25, 2013
Brad Quayle
USDA Forest Service
Remote Sensing Applications Center
Rapid Disturbance Assessment and Services Program
USDA Forest Service, Remote Sensing Applications Center,
FSWeb: http://fsweb.rsac.fs.fed.us
WWW: http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/rsac
MODIS
Northern California – June 27, 2008
Presentation Outline
• Forest Service Active Fire Mapping (AFM) Program
– Project/Technical Background
– Available coarse scale geospatial fire products
• Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) Project
– Project/Technical Background
– Available moderate scale geospatial fire products
• Activity
– Fire geospatial product access/visualization
Active Fire Mapping (AFM) Program
(http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us)

Satellite detection and monitoring of
wildfire activity in CONUS, Alaska,
Hawaii & Canada
• Leverages NASA and NOAA assets
− MODIS
− AVHRR
− GOES
− VIIRS
• Provision of comprehensive, NRT
data are essential
• Facilitates decision support for
strategic planning & response for
U.S. and Canadian fire agencies
− Prioritize allocation of fire suppression
assets
− Integrated into fire-related applications
and decision support systems
MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
Terra



Spatial/spectral resolution
October 26, 2003 18:35 UTC – MODIS True & False Color Composite
•
−
36 co-registered bands
−
VIS/NIR/SWIR/TIR
−
250m/500m/1,000m
Temporal resolution
−
2,330 km swath width
−
Multiple observations daily
100% duty cycle
−

Aqua
Daytime and nighttime observations
Extensive data record
−
Terra: Launched Dec 1999
−
Aqua: Launched May 2002
Direct broadcast capable
MODIS Direct Broadcast/Direct Readout
RSAC X-band antenna in radome
1) MODIS observations continually
broadcast to Earth in real-time
2) Imagery received directly by
RSAC antenna while satellite is
in line of sight above horizon
MODIS Ground Station Network
Area of Interest for fire detection and monitoring…
UAF
RSAC
SSEC
GSFC
Continuously acquire MODIS direct
broadcast data at RSAC from network…
Ground Station Network
USDA Forest Service Remote Sensing Applications Center (RSAC)
University of Wisconsin Space Science Engineering Center (SSEC)
University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF)
NASA GSFC Direct Readout Lab (GSFC)
NASA LANCE/FIRMS provides global data coverage; Used to back up ground station network
Forest Service AFM MODIS Fire Products Derived
Using NASA Technologies
• Active Fire (MOD14/MYD14)
− Level 2 swath product
− Single observation
− Geolocated (lat/long)
• Burn Scar (DB version)
− Level 3 gridded, composite product
− Geometrically corrected
− Tiled, map coordinate system
Aqua MODIS
L2 MYD14 Swath
March 15, 2013 1949 UTC
Galena Fire Detections
MODIS Active Fire Product (MOD14/MYD14)
•
See Giglio et al, 2003 Remote
•
Detects & characterizes fire at
1km spatial resolution at time
of overpass by Terra and Aqua
•
Leverages response of 4m and
11m bands to fire
•
Absolute thresholds and
contextual analysis
•
Fire detection is affected by
several variables
Sensing of Environment

•
Central Idaho
Aug
12, Idaho
2007
Central
FalseAug
Color
Central
Idaho
12,Composite
2007
(1-KM
detection
12,Composite
2007
FalseAug
Color
centroids
in
yellow)
True
Color
Composite
(Active fires in orange)
Atmospheric conditions, view angle
(IFOV), land cover, overpass time
relative to fire activity, etc.
Fire activity <1km2 can be
detected



1,000m2 flaming fire in nominal
conditions
100m2 flaming fire in good
conditions
50m2 flaming fire in ideal conditions
MODIS Active Fire Product (MOD14/MYD14)
• Key attributes for each detection:
−
−
−
−
−
Source (Terra/Aqua)
Time of detection (UTC)
Date of detection (UTC)
Latitude/longitude of detection
Detection confidence (0-100%)
−
−
−
−
Scan dimension of pixel (1-~6km)
Track dimension of pixel (1-~2km)
Brightness temperature (K)
Fire radiative power (Megawatts)
• Be discerning of detection data at higher view angles
located at edges of Level 2 swath (“Bow-tie effect”)
− Overlapping scans - Multiple detections of same fire can occur
− Distorted IFOV – Affects geolocation of detection
MODIS swath sensing geometry (Wolfe et al., 1998)
•
Fires are detected at time
of overpass
•
A detection does not mean
entire 1km pixel is burning
•
Cumulative fire detections
do not equal burn scars
MODIS DB Burn Scar Product
• “Direct Broadcast” version of MODIS burned area product
– See Giglio et al. 2009 Remote Sensing Environment
• Not the same as the “official” MODIS burned area product
(MCD45A1)
– Similar product output; Different algorithm
• Hybrid algorithm
– Time series analysis of vegetation index data derived from daily MODIS
CREFL composites
• VI = (MODISB5 –
B7) / (MODISB5 +
MODIS
B7)
MODIS
– Daily MOD14 composites leveraged to identify/characterize burn-related
change
• Product characteristics:
– 500 meter spatial resolution
– Estimated date of burning on a per pixel basis
– Compiled monthly
MODIS DB Burn Scar Product
Forest Service AFM Geospatial Product Access
• Available via http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us
• See product links on left side of page
Forest Service AFM Value-Added Fire Products
MODIS Mapping/Visualization
•
•
•
•
•
JPG/PDF fire detection maps
Interactive fire detection map viewers
Fire detection KMLs/KMZs
Fire detection analysis/summaries
Burn scar KMLs/KMZs
MODIS Imagery/Geospatial Data
•
•
•
•
Daily imagery subsets
Fire detection GIS datasets
Fire Detection WMS/WFS services
Burn scar GIS datasets
Update Frequency
• Every 15 to 60 minutes or immediately after
every satellite observation
Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS)
Project
MTBS Project Overview
• Consistently map the location, extent and burn severity of
large fires on all lands in the United States since 1984
– > 1,000 acres (404 ha) in the western United States
– > 500 acres (202 ha) in the eastern United States
• Project objective
– Provide a comprehensive information base to assess fire impacts
and trends, and monitor the effectiveness of national fire
management policies
• Jointly implemented by USDA Forest Service and
Department of Interior
– USDA-FS RSAC
– USGS-EROS
Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)
Landsat 5



Landsat imagery courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and US Geological Survey
Landsat 7
Spatial/spectral resolution
−
7 co-registered bands
−
VIS/NIR/SWIR/TIR
−
30m for VIS/NIR/SWIR bands
Temporal resolution
−
185 km swath width
−
16 day revisit time
Extensive data record
−
Landsat 4 (1982 - 2001)
−
Landsat 5 (1985 - 2011)
−
Landsat 6 (lost at launch)
−
Landsat 7 (1999 – present)
−
Landsat 8 (Launched Feb 2013)
MTBS Burn Area Delineation/Severity Assessment
• Burned area delineation and severity assessments
conducted using pre/post-fire Landsat TM/ETM image
pairs
– 30 meter spatial resolution
• Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR)/Differenced Normalized Burn
Ratio (dNBR)
NBR
Pre-fire
Landsat
dNBR
Burn Severity
6/8/2005
Post-fire
Difference
Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR)
NBR = (NIR – SWIR) / (NIR + SWIR)
6/14/2007
Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR)
dNBR = Pre NBR – Post NBR
MTBS Fire Mapping Production Status
14,945 fires
completed
111 million acres
MTBS Geospatial Product Access
• Available from
http://www.mtbs.gov
– See “Data Access”
link on left side
• Severity reporting
summaries
• Fire datasets
• National datasets
MTBS Geospatial Products
Fire Level Datasets
Prefire
Image
Postfire
Image
Burn
Severity
Indices
Thematic
Burn
Severity
• Pre/Post-fire Landsat imagery
– Bands 1-5, 7
• Burned area boundary dataset
– Vector delineation of burned
area extent based on image
analysis
• Continuous burn severity indices
– dNBR/RdNBR
• 6 class thematic burn severity
dataset
– See MTBS website for detailed
definitions of classes
• PDF maps, KMZs and statistical
summaries
MTBS Geospatial Products
National Fire Datasets
– Burned Area Boundaries
• ESRI Polygon Shapefile
w/metadata
• Fire attributes
– Fire Occurrence Database
• ESRI Point Shapefile w/metadata
• Geographic centroid of burned
area for each mapped fire
• Fire and MTBS processing
attributes
– Thematic Burn Severity
Image Mosaics
• Seamless, 6 class, thematic raster
w/metadata
• ERDAS Imagine .img file format
• Available on an annual basis by
MTBS region (CONUS, AK, HI,
Puerto Rico)
Acknowledgements
Provision of the data/products described in this
presentation would not be possible without the support
and collaboration of the following entities:
• NASA and NASA Direct Readout Laboratory
• NASA science team members
• University of Alaska Fairbanks
• University of Wisconsin – Space Science Engineering
Center
• NASA and USGS Landsat Teams
• USGS EROS Data Center
Thanks
USDA Forest Service MODIS Active Fire Mapping Program
http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us
Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity Project
http://www.mtbs.gov
USDA Forest Service, Remote Sensing Applications Center,
FSWeb: http://fsweb.rsac.fs.fed.us
WWW: http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/rsac/