Transcript development

Development
What is Development?
The process of improving the material
conditions of ppl thru the diffusion of
knowledge and technology
 Improvements in living conditions:
social, environmental, or economic

1st world: Developed World, MDCs, Global
North, global core
2nd world, 3rd world: Developing world, LDCs,
Global South, global periphery
Measuring Development
–
–
Human Development Index (HDI)
Invented by U.N. Development Programme (UNDP)

“People are the real wealth of nations.
Development is thus about expanding the choices
people have to lead the lives that they value. And
it is thus about much more than economic growth,
which is only a means - if a very important one – of
enlarging people’s choices.”
- Mahbub ul Haq
Co-Founder, UNDP
Human Development Index

HDI: Select one economic factor, two
social factors, and one demographic factor

The highest HDI possible is 1.0, or
100%
–
Norway usually ranks the highest at 0.938
Economic Indicators
The HDI mainly uses GNI per capita as
the economic factor
 Other economic factors are considered:

–
–
–
–
Types of jobs
Productivity
Raw Materials
Consumer Goods
GDP vs GNP: Basic Measurements
GDP= the value of the total output of
G&S produced INSIDE a country,
normally during a year
 GNP= the value of the total output of
G&S produced IN and OUT of a
country

GNI

GNI=(the value of the total output of
G&S produced INSIDE a country) +
(income from investments OUTSIDE a
country) – (income sent to other
countries)
GNI Per Capita

Individuals in MDCs typically earn more
income than in LDCs
–
–
–
Pure per capita income is difficult to
calculate in LDCs
Covers up income inequality
Be careful- only measures formal economy


Informal= illegal, some markets/bazaars
See Figure 10-2
Types of Jobs


3 sectors: primary,
secondary, tertiary
In an MDC, jobs
have decreased in
primary and
secondary sectors,
and increased in
tertiary
Productivity

Workers in an MDC are more productive
than workers in an LDC
–
Productivity: the value of a particular product
compared to the labor used to make it
 Measured
 Gross

by the value added per capita
value of product – (cost of raw materials & nrg)
Machinery helps increase productivity
Raw Materials

Development requires access to raw
materials and nrg sources
–

LDCs that have petroleum are able to advance
more quickly than those that do not
Not all developed countries have raw
materials (ex: Japan)
–
Developed thru world trade and technology
Consumer Goods
Wealth can be divided b/w necessities
and luxuries
 The type of G&S purchased by
consumers is another indicator of
economic development

–

See also digital divide (page 291)
The Magic Washing Machine
Social Indicators
 MDCs
use $ to provide schools,
hospitals, and welfare services
 Social factors include:
Education and literacy
– Health and welfare
–
Education and Literacy
lev. of dev. = quality & quantity of educ.
 Quality measured in the student/teacher
ratio and literacy rate

–
–

Literacy Rate: the % of a country’s ppl that
can read and write
# of published texts can also be indicator of
LR
Quantity measured in yrs of schooling
Health and Welfare

MDCs= healthier ppl
–

Most developed states have socialized healthcare
–

Ratios of Drs: ppl; Caloric intake
US is only major developed country where health care is
mostly privatized
MDCs also offer welfare assistance to help those
unable to work
–
–
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden provide the most welfare
assistance
But getting harder with economic slump or stagnation
Social Indicators

Dependency Ratio, Older age
–
–
Pop over 65/ pop 15-64
Highest in Japan and Europe

–

Typically high GNI
Financial strain for health care, housing, welfare
Dependency Ratio, Younger age
–
–
–
Pop under 14/ pop 15-64
Highest in Sub-Saharan Africa
Financial strain for child care, education, medicine
Demographic Indicators
The HDI sees life expectancy as the
main demographic indicator
 Demographic indicators can include:

–
–
–
–
LE
IMR
NIR
CBR
Life Expectancy

MDCs expected to live longer
–

Life expectancy: the average number of years a
newborn can expect to live at current mortality
levels
MDCs have large number of elderly people,
and LDCs have large number of children
–
Be careful…MDCs often have higher DR!
Infant Mortality Rate

Infant Mortality Rate: The annual
number of deaths of infants <1 year of
age, compared to the number of live
births
–
–

LDC= 90:10
MDC= 99:1
Major reasons for high IMR in LDCs?
Natural Increase Rate

NIR: the percentage by which a
population grows in a year.
–
–
LDCs: >2%
MDCs: <1%
Crude Birth Rate

CBR: the total number of live births in a year
for every 1,000 people alive in the society
–
LDCs have higher NIRs, because they have
higher CBRs
Development According to Hans


Stats that Reshape Your Worldview
200 Years in 4 Minutes
UN Millennium Development Goals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Eradicate poverty/hunger
Universal primary education
Promote gender equality & empowerment
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat contagious diseases (AIDS, etc.)
Environmental sustainability
Global partnership
Gender and Development

Recognizing development impacts different genders
unequally, UNDP created GDI and GEM

GDI – Gender-Related Development Index –
shows gender inequality among nations
–
Male/Female income levels (not total GDP per
capita), plus everything in HDI
United States Women’s Earnings
Gender and Development

GEM – Gender-Empowerment Measure - shows
how much women participate in economic and
political decision-making
–
–
% of women working in technical, professional,
managerial, legal, jobs
% of women holding positions in parliaments
New Delhi, India
The Girl Effect

Power of educating women (FRQ on Friday?)
–
–
–

On population growth
On economic growth
On balanced gender roles
Terms:
–
–
GDI: Gender Development Index
GEM: Gender Empowerment Measure
The Girl Effect