Transcript SUBLATTICES & ‘SUBCRYSTALS’ MATERIALS SCIENCE

SUBLATTICES
&
‘SUBCRYSTALS’
Part of
MATERIALS SCIENCE
& A Learner’s Guide
ENGINEERING
AN INTRODUCTORY E-BOOK
Anandh Subramaniam & Kantesh Balani
Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur- 208016
Email: [email protected], URL: home.iitk.ac.in/~anandh
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~anandh/E-book.htm
Sublattices and Subcrystals
 The concept of sublattices (and a new concept of subcrystals based on this) are useful in
understanding ordered structures.
 The use of the term superlattice* implies that it is composed of more than one sublattice.
 Typically all sublattices are identical, but with the origin of one shifted w.r.t to the other.
 Populating a sublattice with a species/motif (‘a sub-motif?**’) gives us a ‘subcrystal’.
 Subcrystals may be identical (same species sits in both the subcrystals) or may be different
(‘sib-motif’ populating the sublattices may be different).
 Subcrystals combine (interpenetrate) to give a supercrystal (analogous to the superlattice)
Click here to see connection between superlattices and ordered structures
These concepts will become clear on
considering examples
* Usually the use of the prefix ‘super’ implies an highly enhanced property, like in superconductivity,
superfluidity, superparamagnetism etc. In the case of the superlattice it just implies that it is made
of more than one ‘sublattice’
** Sub-motif may be thought of as a part of the motif of the supercrystal.
Example-1
Concept of Sublattice
Let us revisit the crystal (X) made of up arrows and down arrows to understand the concept of
sublattices
X
‘Super-Crystal’ (X)
This crystal can be understood as a superposition of two crystals as below
SX1
Sub-Crystal-1 (SX1)
+
SX2
Sub-Crystal-2 (SX2)
X
=
SX1
+ SX2
Sub-Crystal-1 (SX1) consists of only up arrows and Sub-crystal-2 (SX2) consists only of down arrows
The crystal can be called a ‘Super-Crystal’ (supercrystal)
Correspondingly we can think of a ‘Superlattice’ (L)
L
Lattice
Which can be broken into two Sublattices → two interpenetrating sublattices
SL1
SubLattice-1 (SL1)
+
SL2
SubLattice-2 (SL2)
L
=
SL1
+ SL2
Sub-Lattice-1 (SL1) and Sub-Lattice-2 (SL2) combine to create the lattice (L)
If the lattice parameter of the crystal is ‘a’
then Sublattice-1 (SL1) is displaced with respect to Sublattice-2 (SL2) by a/2
Note that in the crystal SL2 (or equivalently SL1) is not a set of lattice points
Example-2
Let us consider another example to understand the concept of sublattice (now in 2D)
Square Crystal
X
‘Super-Crystal’ (X)
This is the familiar crystal which we had considered before
Let us analyze this crystal in terms of subcrystals and sublattices
SX1
‘Super-Crystal’ (X)
X
=
SX1
+ SX2
Sub-Crystal-1 (SX1) consists of only green circles and Sub-crystal-2 (SX2) consists only of brown
SX2
SL1
L
=
SL1
+ SL2
Sub-Lattice-1 (SL1) and Sub-Lattice-2 (SL2) combine to create the lattice (L)
SL2
L
Note that in the crystal SL2 (or equivalently SL1) is not a set of lattice points
Example-3
Let us consider a 3D example of a Supercrystal (superlattice)
This crystal can be thought of a two interpenetrating subcrystals:
SX1 = FCC SL1 decorated by white metallic balls
SX2 = FCC SL2 decorated by brown metallic balls
If the brown spheres are Na+
ions and white spheres are
Cl ions (of different sizes)
this can be thought of as a
model for NaCl
SX1
+
SX2
=
X
‘Super-Crystal’ (X)
NaCl