Transcript Document 7858160

Grammer
NOUN
I. 名词的定义
 II. 名词的分类
有少数名词既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，
但含义不同。

paper
glass
wood
iron
room
chicken
lamb
difficulty
a paper
a glass
a wood
an iron
a room
a chicken
a lamb
a difficulty
youth
relation
power
beauty
fire
hair
trouble
a youth
a relation
a power
a beauty
a fire
a hair
a trouble
shame
a shame
pity
a pity
success a success
pleasure a pleasure
light lights
kindness
kindnesses
food foods
custom
customs
spirit spirits
time
times
fruit
fruits
water
waters
sand
sands
knowledge
a knowledge of English
tea
a well-known tea
注意一些名词的复数形式
例：stomach——stomachs
hero---heroes, tomato---tomatoes
radio---radios, photos---photos
zero---zeros(zeroes)
volcano---volcanos(volcanoes)
bamboo---bamboos, zoo---zoos
1. f; fe --- ves
calf(小牛), loaf, half, leaf, thief, self, shelf, life,
wife,
knife…
2. -s
belief, proof, chief, roof, grief, safe, gulf,
serf(农奴) …
3. 两种形式：
scarf, wharf(码头), handkerchief …
4. –y (例外)； 元音字母+y
Two Marys(专有名词) ; holiday---holidays
Sundays ….
**名词的不规则复数形式：
man---men woman---women foot---feet
tooth---teeth ox---oxen
sheep—sheep
mouse---mice goose---geese
dear---dear
child---children
Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese
**某些名词通常只用复数形式：
glasses, clothes, trousers, boots, shoes, socks,
shorts(短裤), scissors…
**physics, politics, mathematics + is …
**部分名词的复数形式表示特别的意思：
papers(文件、证件、论文), looks(外貌),
times, greens(青菜), customs(海关), goods,
works, drinks, manners, brains(头脑)，sands,
forces(军队), minutes(记录), grounds(围院),
damages(赔偿费), imports(进口货物), thanks,
ashes, means
behind time — 过期、过时
behind the times — 不合时宜、落伍
集体名词
family, police, cattle, team, people, government,
company, village, class, group, club, audience,
public, crew…
Compare the following:
is going to have a long journey.
His family ____
are watching TV.
The whole family ____
is welcomed the proposal.
The government ____
are discussing the proposal.
The government ____
** police & cattle + are …
Many cattle ____
are kept.
were on duty.
Several thousand police ____
** people(人们、人民) + are …
Some people ____
are very inquisitive.(爱管闲事)
like the new teacher.
The people in the village____
People — 民族 (为可数名词，有复数形式。)
Eg: the peoples of Asia
The Chinese are a brave and diligent people.
**population使用情况类似集体名词的一般的用法.
is very large, and eighty
The population in China ____
are farmers.
percent of the population in China ____
**合成名词的复数形式因词而异：
主体名词变复数：
looker-on →lookers-on
grand-child →grandchildren
man-at-arms →men-at-arms
son-in-law →sons-in-law
editor-in-chief →editors-in-chief
**没有主体名词的，在合成词的后面加复数。
go-between →go-betweens (中间人)
grown-up →grown-ups
drawback →drawbacks(缺陷)
****man teacher →men teachers
woman doctor →women doctors
*** 字母、文字、数字、符号等的复数形式
通常在其后加 ’s。
Don’t use too many and’s and if’s.
Her 3’s look like 8’s.
All the “’s” should be changed to “△’s”.
** 易混辨异
A number of + ns + are …
 The number of + ns + is …
 Eg: A number of students are from the North.

The number of the students who spent the
summer holidays in the countryside was 45.
 Many a + n + is …
 More than one + n + is …
 Not even one of + ns + is …
 Eg: Many a students has seen this painting.

More than one teacher has been to England.

A large(great, good) quantity of + ns + are …
n + is …
Large(great, good) quantities of + ns / n + are …
Eg: A large of quantity of birds were saved by
the farmers.
Large quantities of water are needed for irrigation.
A large amount of 和 Large amounts of
的用法与quantity相同。
A large amount of damage has been done
by the earthquake.
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
Most of
+ ns + are …
Half of
+ n + is …
Part of
Rest of
Eg: Most of his spare time was spent in reading.
Half of the apples are left on the table.
** dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million等在表
示确定数时，不加-s； 表示不定数目时，则加-s，
与of 连用。
Eg: three hundred students
scores of times
thousands of workers
six dozen(score) pencils
a few/several hundred doctors
由形容词加定冠词变成名词的名词性
形容词，若该词指人，通常看作复数；
但如果该形容词不是指人，而是指东
西或思维活动，通常看作单数。
青年人总是充满朝气。
 The young are usually very active.
 政府把老年人照顾得很好。
 The old are well looked after by the government.
 The beautiful is not always the same as the good.

名词的格
’s 所有格主要用于生物名词，有时也
可用于表时间、城市、国家、机关、地
名等的名词，如：yesterday’s news
 Of短语式所有格
 Of 短语式所有格修饰前面的名词，表示
两个名词之间的所属关系，多用于无生
命名词。
 The biggest football game of the
year;
the computer of tomorrow
 **
双重所有格
Of + ’s式所有格(人称代词的名词性所有格)修
饰前面的名词，这种结构叫名词双重所有格。
 * of前的名词一定要的冠词、数词、不定代词、
指示代词之类的修饰语，(one和 the除外)。
 a novel of Lu Xun’s
 ** of后面的名词必须是特定的。
 a book of my friend’s
(不能说 a book of a certain friend’s)

名词作定语
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Jack’s pen teachers’ office
A map of China
A friend of my brother’s
##
名词+名词
* 表材料的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词是什么原
料制成的。
Stone figures 石像 paper money 纸币
Diamond necklace 钻石项链 gold medals 金牌
**表示地点的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词存在
或发生的地点。
Country music 乡村音乐
post office 邮政局
Table cloth city life school education
government office 政府机关
 ***表示用途、性质的名词作定语。
 coffee cups
book stores sports shoes
food factory traffic lights
 today’s newspaper
****
表具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有
格结构来表示。
 yesterday’s news
an hour’s drive

名词作副词

*表示时间的名词前有
one/some/this/that/last/next/every/all等词修饰时，
前面不再加介词，独立作状语。
 He kept writing all day.
 She will go to Shanghai next week.
 表示次数、距离、方向、程度、价值、状态的
名词可用作副词状语。
 I don’t care a bit.
 He stood in front of me, cap in hand.
 *在比较级的形容词或副词，及too…之前的名
词，是副词不达意性的名词。

I got up an hour too early this morning.
 I got up an hour earlier this morning.
 I arrived at the airport an hour late.
 **[a(=per)+名词]之前有表示数量的词时，a之
后的名词也是副词性的名词。
 Eg: The old lady goes to market only twice a
month.
 He can walk forty miles a day.
 Such rainy days will last four weeks.

**有时附于表示“期间”的名词中的介词during,
for 等可以省略时，剩下的名词就成为副词性的
名词。
 Eg: We waited there (for) two hours.
 Nothing happened (during) the whole vacation.
 The sports meet lasted three hours.
 **表示时间的名词修饰其后的ago, since, before,
after, week, month等词时，则是副词性的名词。
 I happened to meet her two days ago.