Transcript B&S Chapter 5 TISSUES Student’s Copy ppt.

B&S Chapter 5
Student’s Copy ppt.
TISSUES
Tissues are group of cells similar in structure
and substance
Arranged in a pattern, and specialized for
specific task
Histology
Study of tissue
•
Epithelial (Epithelium)
Protects body and organs, lining of intestines,
respiratory, urinary and blood vessels
Classified by shape and arrangement of cells:
Squamous (shape)
Flat and irregular
Cuboidal (shape)
square
Columnar (shape)
Long and narrow
Simple (layer)
Single layer
Stratified (layer)
Layers,
Think of
Filo dough
Transitional (layer)
Crepe-like
Like the
bladder
Put em’ all together…
• The shapes and layers can be put together
• Stratified squamous like the skin
• Simple columnar like the lining of the
intestine
• Simple squamous like the hand
Mitosis of Cells
Skin is able to modify
itself rapidly due to
mitosis of cells
Epithelium repairs itself quickly due to all the
wear and tear those cells take
The cells of some of the epithelium secrete
mucus, sweat, digestive juices
The dig. Tract does this to help absorb food
The resp. tract does this to protect from
foreign objects getting in to our resp. tracts
Glands
Epithelial cells are the secreting
cells of many glands
__________
• Endocrine –_ductless glands that release
hormones directly into bloodstream like the
pancreas, releases insulin to the bloodstream
• Exocrine – release secretions into organs, body
cavities or outside of body. Also like the pancreas,
releases enzymes through common bile duct to the
duodenum for digestion
Connective Tissue
Supporting fabric of organs and other parts of
body
Connective Tissue
Has large amount of nonliving material
between cells – intercellular material
• Connective Tissue is classified according to
its degree of hardness
SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Is loosely held together with semi-liquid
material between the cells and it includes
adipose and areolar tissue such as…
SOFT CONN. TISSUE
• Adipose stores fat, insulator, padding
• Areolar is loosely held together, found in
membranes around vessels, organs,between
muscles and under skin
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Provides strength and elasticity
Fibrous Conn. Tissue
• Has Collagen – white, flexible protein,
found in elastic capsules around organs,
periosteum around bone
Types of fibrous conn. tissue
• TENDON: holds muscle to bone
• LIGAMENT: holds bone to bone.
Ligaments look like ropes, ropes can hold
bone to bone because the rope or ligament
is so strong (in your Leg is a bone,
ligaments hold bones to bones) or (ligament
is like cement, it’s strong like bones
•OTHER FROMS OF FIBROUS CONN. TISSUE
•Fascia (bands) – bands or
sheets that support and hold
membranes in place
•Superficial fascia – contains
fat. Under skin
Deep fascia – no fat, covers
and protects muscle with
muscle sheaths
Blood vessels, spinal cord, and
brain are encased in fascia tissue
•
Repair of fibrous tissue
– New blood vessels form in area of wound
– Replaced by white fibrous connective tissue
– Scar formed (may be stronger than original
tissue)
SCAR
• Repair begins when blood is clotted and a
scab forms at the surface to protect the
underlying tissue.
• From the damaged capillaries, new vessels
form and branch out to the injured tissue
• Cells that produce are made= collagen.
Collagen closes the gap of wound and a scar
forms
KELOID
• EXCESS production of collagen forms and
a large, raised scar called a keloid forms
Hard Connective Tissue
Cartilage –
Common form – gristle,
tough elastic, translucent
between spine segments,
ends of bones, ears, nose
cartilage covered by layer
of fibrous tissue
Bone – osseous tissue
Similar to cartilage but
impregnated with Ca salts
that harden. Within boneblood vessels, nerves and
marrow.
Liquid Connective Tissue
Blood and lymph
Nerve Tissue
• Central organizing system – brain
• Nerves communicate with brain
• Nerves from all areas join here to form
spinal cord
Neuron
• Basic structural unit
• Consists of nerve cell body + branches
called fibers
Cell body is in center of the neuron,
axon is the long stick-like body pictured in blue and gold-carries the nerve impulse away from the cell
body and off to the small synaptic end (on far lower right of neuron)
dendrite is the sprawling out structures that look like branches-carries nerve impulses through the
branches to the center of the neuron and to the cell body
DENDRITE
• Carries messages or nerve impulses from
the brain, to the cell body and through the
cell body
AXON
• Carries messages away from the cell body
and on into the synapse where pain for
example, can be felt
Nerve tissue (cluster of neurons)
Supported by ordinary connective tissue
except in the brain and spinal cord
•
Neuroglia
• Is supporting tissue of the brain and spinal
cord
• This tissue resembles kleenex tissue that
surrounds nerves, neurons, and spinal cord
Peripheral nerves – outside of
spinal cord
• Neurilemma – thin coating on some axons
on peripheral nerves
• Repair themselves (slow and uncertain
process)
Myelin
Insulates nerve fibers – white in color
Unmyelinated
Some axons, all dentrites,
all cell bodies of the
brain
Referred to as gray
matter
Muscle Tissue
Produces movement by contraction
Skeletal muscle – voluntary muscle that
contracts at will
Cardiac muscle (myocardium) – involuntary
Smooth muscle (visceral) – forms walls of
organs of the ventral cavity (exclude the
heart) example: Digestive tract
Did you know?
There is muscle tissue at the base of body hair
Makes a goosebump when air passes between
the space and hair over the body. The
muscle contracts causing a bump
Muscle tissue repairs itself slowly and often
with connective tissue
Membranes –thin sheets of tissue
• May cover surface, partition, lining of
hollow organs
• May contain cells that secrete lubricants to
ease organ movement as in the joints
• Epithelial membranes – outer surface is
epithelium, then a layer of connective tissue
(strength), and sometimes a layer of smooth
muscle
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
• The outer surface of the epithelial
membrane is made of epith. cells, then there
is sometimes a layer of connective tissue
(for strength) covering that and sometimes
even a layer of smooth muscle
– Mucous membrane (mucosa) line tubes that
open to outside of body example – digestive
tract, respiratory tract
Mucus serves to protect from foreign substances
– Serous Membranes – serosa – Lines the closed
ventral body cavities
• Pleurae – lines thoracic cavity
• Pericardium – sac which encloses the heart
• Peritoneum – lines the walls of abdominal cavity,
covers the organs of the abdomen. Forms
supporting and protective structure for the organs
• Mesothelium – epithelium covering serous
membranes (smooth, lubricated – decreases friction
of organ movement)
Really Important!!!
– Parietal layer – membrane attached to the wall
of the cavity or sac
– Visceral layer – attached to the organs
Membranes and disease
• Peritonitis – infection of the peritoneum (after
appendicitis). Can lead to sepsis and death
• Membranes can act as pathways for infection
• Rheumatoid arthritis – synovial membrane in
joints is inflamed and swollen. Cartilage is
replaced by fibrous connective tissue over time
Tumors/Neoplasm – abnormal
growth of cells
Benign – confined cells adhere and may be
encapsulated grow as a single mass (better
chance of removal). “Benign means you’re
fine”
BUT…
Can cause damage by growing a compressing
healthy tissue example - brain
Malignant tumor – can cause death no
matter where they occur. “mal” = bad
Cells spread by lymph or blood
Cancer cells reach their new location and
begin to grow (metastasis)
Classifications of Tumors
Carcinoma – occur in epithelial tissue
Spreads by lymph
Sarcoma – found in connective tissue
Spread by blood – often to lungs
Melanomas – originate in birthmark or mole
Gliomas – originate in connective tissue of
brain
Lymphoma – originate in lymph
Lipoma – originates in adipose tissue
Cancer Symptoms
• Unaccountable weight loss, unusual
bleeding or discharge
• Persistent indigestion, chronic hoarseness or
cough
• Changes in the color or size of moles, sore
which doesn’t heal, lumps, white spots in
mouth
Detection and Treatment of
Cancer
• Biopsy – remove tissue for examination
• Ultrasound – reflected high frequency
sound wave
• Computed tomography (C.T. scan) x-rays
used to produce cross section pictures
• MRI –(magnetic resonance imaging) use
magnetic fields and radio waves to show
changes in soft tissues
TREATMENT OF CANCER
•
•
•
•
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Use of lasers
The End