Transcript What are the smallest living units of organisms ? A) Organelles B) Cells

BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
What are the smallest living units of organisms?
A) Organelles
B) Cells
C) Tissues
D) Organisms
What are the smallest living units of organisms?
Cells w/c are called the
building blocks of life…
Basic components:
•
•
•
•
What are the components of the plasma
membrane?
A flexible (fluid mosaic) _____________
between a cell’s environment (__________)
and the inside of the cell (______________).
Comprised of:
•
•
•
What does a plasma membrane do?
• Provides a …
• Allows ___________ of
cell’s internal (intracellular)
environment
• Allows __________
___________to be formed
• Provides cell _________
and allows ___________
___________
Function of plasma
membrane determined
by ________ and other
molecules “floating”
in lipid bilayer
What is cytoplasm?
The “stuff” between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus
What is it made of ?
~1/2 ________ & ~1/2 __________
So what’s cytosol?
_____________ Dissolved and suspended molecules
_____________ A support structure made of filaments
and tubules (actin filament movie)
& __________ ________ Granules, droplets and other
clusters of chemicals
Can substances move in and out of cells?
Plasma membrane functions to
regulate concentration of
substances inside and outside
of cell.
What forms of movement
are there?
Diffusion:
What forms of movement are there?
Osmosis:
What forms of movement are there?
Osmotic conditions
described relative to
their pressures (due
to differing conc. of
solutes…
Hyposmotic
Solute
Hyperosmotic
Solvent
Isosmotic
What forms of movement are there?
“tonic” conditions
describe the
tendency of cells
to swell, shrink or
stay the same
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Crenation
and Lysis…
What forms of movement are there?
____________________:
The movement of matter across a membrane via carrier
molecules (proteins).
Types:
*
*
*
Specificity, Competition & Saturation
Take 5!!!
The transport of glucose into
and out of most cells (muscle,
fat etc.) occurs by facilitated
diffusion. Once glucose enters a
cell it is converted to other
molecules such as glucose-6phosphate or glycogen. What
effect does this conversion have
on the ability of the cell to
acquire glucose? Explain…
Discuss with your
neighbor and predict
an answer.
What forms of movement are there?
Mediated Transport:
Types:
*
What forms of movement are there?
Mediated Transport:
Types:
*
Take 2!!!
Predict
In cardiac (heart) muscle cells, the
concentration [ ] of intracellular Ca2+
ions affects the force of the heart
contraction. The > Ca2+ the > the
contraction force. Na+/ Ca2+
countertransport helps to regulate
intracellular Ca2+ ion levels by
Discuss with your
transporting Ca2+ ions out of the
neighbor and predict
cardiac muscle cells. Given that
an answer.
digitalis slows the transport of Na+
ion, should the heart beat more of less
forcefully? Why?
What about large substances?
______________
*
*
Forming an
invagination of the
plasma membrane,
eventually pinching
off in the form of a
membrane bound
sphere (vesicle)
Is this process more similar to
diffusion or active transport? Why?
What about large substances?
______________
Reverse of “endo”. A
vesicle merges with the
plasma membrane and
then ruptures releasing
vesicle contents.
What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles: ___________
• Small structures made
of __________________.
Subunits formed in
nucleolus of nucleus.
• Found floating free in
_________ or attached to
____________________
• Essential component
of ________________!
Familiarize yourself with table 3.1!!!
What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles:
____________________
Continuous with nuclear
membrane
2 types:
*
What type of product is
formed here?
*
What type(s) products
formed/packaged here?
What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles:
_________________
Collection of flattened
membranous sacs,
receive vesicles from
______________
___________, ________,
__________ etc. then forms
vesicles that stay in cell, or
merge with plasma
membrane.
What is the
process?
What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles:
Specialized vesicles…
____________:
vesicles containing
________________whic
h help “_____” debris
_______________:
smaller vesicles that also
contain “digestive”
_______ and _________
Zellweger syndrome
What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles:
____________
“Powerhouse” of
cells producing
______
Endosymbiont
hypothesis
What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles:
Mitochondria
What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles:
Assorted odds-n-ends
Associated with
_________________
in cell division, and
basal bodies in ____
and _____________
What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles:
Assorted odds-n-ends
______________
_______________ or
________________
projections made of
microtubules
___________
Small cytoplasmic extensions, don’t
move… increase ____________________
What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
____________:
• Membrane bound
structure containing
cell’s ______.
• Nuclear envelope
contains _________.
(Why?)
How do cells spend their time?
A cell spends it’s life in different
phases of activity.
-
These periods are called
________________
(most of a cell’s life is spent in interphase).
However, to reproduce the cell has to divide it’s
nuclear material this is __________
What are chromosomes?
What are chromosomes?
What are chromosomes?
Anatomy of a
chromosome
Undivided
chromosomes consist
of…
What are functions of chromosomes ?
Chromosomes contain the genetic
information (DNA) that “codes” for your
body.
“Your blueprints are in your bluegenes”
What is a gene?
Specific segments of DNA that code
for specific ___________ or
_______________________that
result in specific characteristics or
traits.
These are
“bands”
NOT
genes
How are chromosomes divided between new cells?
How are chromosomes divided between sex cells?
____________
Process of nuclear division preparing
__________
1)
3)
So how many
chromosomes then?
2)
4)
4 chromosomes
2 chromosomes
(each)