Transcript Benjamin T Solomon Interstellar Space Exploration Technology Initiative iSETI LLC P.O. Box 831

Benjamin T Solomon
Interstellar Space Exploration Technology Initiative
iSETI LLC
P.O. Box 831
Evergreen, CO 80439
benjamin.t.solomon @ iseti.us
• 2010: Session Co-Chairman, “A03.1. Theories, Models and Concepts” at
Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum (SPESIF 2010),
Kossiakoff Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
• 2009: Space Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum, (American
Institute of Physics Conference Proceeding), gravitational acceleration
without mass valid for gravity, mechanical & electromagnetic forces.
g = τ c2
• 2001 – Current: Numerous presentations & papers on gravity modification
at space conferences.
• 1999: Inventor of proprietary electrical circuits (with no moving parts) that
can change weight (± 3% to ± 5% over 2 hours & one 98% loss for about a
minute). An engine technology without moving parts.
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International Space Development Conference 2009, Champions Gate, Florida
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• Introduction/Objectives/Approach
• Non-Gaussian Photon Probability Distribution
• Shielding, Cloaking & Invisibility
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•
Lehnert (2002) presents 10 failures of Maxwell’s equations. Two of these are
wave-particle & plane wave-dot. These 2 phenomenon have not been unified.
•
Hunter et al (2002) focused only on the electromagnetic soliton wave function
(no consideration for the photon’s probabilistic properties).
•
Solomon (2009) had shown that gravitational acceleration is independent of the
internal nature of a particle. Could one experimentally determine the nature of a
particle? This work is in it early stages and some equations are quick & dirty.
•
The probabilistic approach provides an avenue to unify shielding, stealth or
cloaking & invisibility without consideration for electromagnetic properties.
•
Would like to collaborate with experimenters and manufacturers to develop new
materials with this approach. Seeking funding for this research.
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• To present a new approach to determining photon behavior
based on the discovery that the photon probability
distribution is not a Gaussian function and it is huge.
Known
greatest height
= 16 m
Known greatest
length = 100,000 km
Axis of
Motion
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• Use of numerical modeling to determine the probability
distribution that best fits the experimental data.
• Separate the probability distribution function from the
electromagnetic wave function.
• Determine what types of photon behavior are best modeled
by the probability distribution itself.
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DP = distance from
pinhole to visual plane
Visual Plane
Pinhole
DA = radius
of pinhole
r = radius from pinhole
axis on visual plane
I  I sin u  u
u    .D sin  
tan   r D
Rings composed of dots of localizations of
the electromagnetic function.
O
A
(Photo Source: Wikipedia)
P
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120.00%
100.00%
The Normal
Distribution
80.00%
60.00%
The Modified
Gamma
Distribution
40.00%
20.00%
I  I sin u  u
u    .D sin  
tan   r D
O
0.00%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
A
-20.00%
P
-40.00%
Photon Probabilities along the radius 4.000 meters from pinhole
Intensity
mNormal
1. Normal Distribution: Tail too short & cannot explain long tailed intensity dispersion.
2. Modified Gamma: Fits the intensity dispersion correctly.
 r
1 r

 r u
f r  
  e
    
3. Modified Gamma: A function of the space around the photon and therefore explains
why and how the observer alters the observation.
 1
r
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25.00%
Cross-section
20.00%
Normal
for large
angles
Not Normal for
small angles
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
-5.00%
Photon Probabilities along hypotenuse at 3.6 degrees
Photon Probabilities along hypotenuse at 9.0 degrees
Photon Probabilities along hypotenuse at 21.6 degrees
Photon Probabilities along hypotenuse at 39.6 degrees
Photon Probabilities along hypotenuse at 88.2 degrees
1. As θ→90° the cross-sectional distribution becomes Normal
2. As θ→0° the cross-sectional distribution in no longer Normal
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30.00%
Cross-section
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
θ is small
θ is large
5.00%
0.00%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
-5.00%
Best fit Normal 84.60 degrees
Photon Probabilities along hypotenuse at 84.60 degrees
Best fit Normal 0.90 degrees
Photon Probabilities along hypotenuse at 0.90 degrees
1. Cross-Sectional photon probability distribution is not a Normal Distribution.
2. Photon distribution changes shape with angle from pinhole.
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120.00%
Arc about
pinhole
100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
-20.00%
Photon Probabilities along the arc 291.06 meters from pinhole
Photon Probabilities along the arc 71.28 meters from pinhole
Photon Probabilities along the arc 29.70 meters from pinhole
Photon Probabilities along the arc 17.82 meters from pinhole
Photon Probabilities along the arc 2.97 meters from pinhole
1. The photon probability distribution along an arc is not a Normal Distribution.
2. The photon distribution changes shape with distance from pinhole.
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Parallel to
Axis of
Motion
120.00%
Decreasing r.
100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
Photon Probability along Dp, λ=400nm, r=10.0mm, Da=100um & λ/Da=0.004x
Photon Probability along Dp, λ=400nm, r=90.0mm, Da=100um & λ/Da=0.004x
Photon Probability along Dp, λ=400nm, r=240.0mm, Da=100um & λ/Da=0.004x
1. Within the limits of sampling intervals the probability distribution resembles a
Lognormal Distribution.
2. Note that the length of the probability distribution is on the order of 1,000s km. In this
example L1% > 100,000km (L1% = length when probability <= 1%)
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5.00%
Parallel to
Axis of
Motion
Photon Probability Density Function (%)
4.50%
4.00%
3.50%
Increasing λ/DA
3.00%
2.50%
Increasing DA
Distribution
Lengthens
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%
0.00%
0.00E+00
5.00E+14
1.00E+15
1.50E+15
2.00E+15
2.50E+15
Distance along Axis of Motion, Dp (km)
Photon Probability along Dp, λ=400nm, r=0.2m, Da=10um & λ/Da=0.0400x
Photon Probability along Dp, λ=400nm, r=0.2m, Da=100um & λ/Da=0.0040x
Photon Probability along Dp, λ=400nm, r=0.2m, Da=1000um & λ/Da=0.0004x
1. The length of the probability distribution increases as the pinhole size increases.
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Radial
Distance
120.00%
Photon Probability Density Function (%)
100.00%
80.00%
Distribution
shifts left or
shortens
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
Cum Prob
0.00%
120.000%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Radial Distance from Axis of Motion, Dp (m)
Photon Probability along the radius, λ=400nm, Dp=1.0m, Da=1000nm & λ/Da=0.4x
Photon Probability along the radius, λ=400nm, Dp=1.0m, Da=200nm & λ/Da=2.0x
100.000%
80.000%
60.000%
Photon Probability along the radius, λ=400nm, Dp=1.0m, Da=40nm & λ/Da=10.0x
40.000%
1. The probability distribution can be spread as much as 16m from
the axis of motion.
2. The probability distribution narrows as the pinhole size is
decreased.
3. The pinhole size can be used to narrow and lengthen the photon
probability distribution. This is termed the squeezing effect.
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20.000%
0.000%
0.0
International Space Development Conference 2009, Champions Gate, Florida
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
15
14.0
16.0
18.0
Known greatest
height = 16 m
Known greatest length
> 100,000 km
Axis of Motion
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International Space Development Conference 2009, Champions Gate, Florida
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Cannot do entanglement test in this region
>16m
>16m
>16m
>16m
Photon path
Reflection
only
permitted
after test.
5/28/2009
Photon path
Permitted
region for
entangle
ment test.
>16m
>16m
Permitted
region for
entangle
ment test.
International Space Development Conference 2009, Champions Gate, Florida
Reflection
only
permitted
after test.
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• Not allowed:
– When 2 photons head towards each other.
– When the two parallel photons’ axes of motion
are less than 32 m apart.
– Photon path reflection before and during test.
• If the modified Gamma photon probability is
not the cause of quantum entanglement, then
with these restrictions, probability of
entangled observations >1%.
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101.0000%
6.0000%
Aperture
5.0000%
99.0000%
4.0000%
98.0000%
3.0000%
97.0000%
2.0000%
96.0000%
1.0000%
95.0000%
94.0000%
0.0000%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Wavelength / Mesh Aperture Size
100
Probability of Obstruction (%)
Probability of Transmission (%)
100.0000%

  
T  10 log 1  0.228  
d 

2
Simplified
Otoshi
0
dB
10
 
SE  20 log  
 2L 
P 
1
Prob. Distn. SE  10 log    10 log  
P 
P 
Slot
0
L
10
P
10

Loss = Cum Gamma Prob from r to ∞ (LEFT) , λ = 167.00 mm, Da = 16.70 mm, λ/2Da = 5.0x
Transmission = Cum Gamma Prob from 0 to r (RIGHT), λ = 167.00 mm, Da = 16.70 mm, λ/2Da = 5.0x
10
r
r
1. Shielding Effectiveness, SEP, is defined as the ability to stop photon propagation
through holes of radius r in the material. Or ratio of probability outside the hole.
2. The ability of a photon to pass through an aperture of size d is primarily determined by
its probability function.
3. Given this probability function, the secondary shielding characteristics are the
electromagnetic function that are overlaid on top of this probabilistic function.
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International Space Development Conference 2009, Champions Gate, Florida
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35.00
Aperture
30.00
Obstruction (dB)
25.00
Decreasing pinhole size &
decreasing shielding effectiveness
20.00
15.00
10.00
Otoshi’s λ/d =
7.46 to 40.00
5.00
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Slot
-5.00
Wavelength / Mesh Aperture Diameter
Otoshi (dB)
Cum P(Loss), Dp=.01mm,Da=16.70 mm & λ/2Da=5.00x
Cum P(Loss), Dp=.01mm,Da=4.86 mm & λ/2Da=17.19x
Cum P(Loss), Dp=.01mm,Da=1.41 mm & λ/2Da=59.08x
Slot shielding (dB)
Cum P(Loss), Dp=.01mm,Da=9.01 mm & λ/2Da=9.27x
Cum P(Loss), Dp=.01mm,Da=2.62 mm & λ/2Da=31.86x
Cum P(Loss), Dp=.01mm,Da=0.76 mm & λ/2Da=109.53x
1. The Otoshi and Slot functions agree with each other.
2. The probability (in dB) agrees substantially .
3. Differences due to electromagnetic effects &
undetermined pinhole size, DA.
4. Can separate probabilistic from electromagnetic effects.
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
  
T  10 log 1  0.228  
d 

2
Simplified
Otoshi
Prob. Distn.
0
dB
10
 
SE  20 log  
 2L 
P 
1
SE  10 log    10 log  
P 
P 
0
L
10
P
10

10
r
r
Quick & Dirty SEP  A ln / d   B
A  0.00007 / 2 D
A

2
 0.0058 / 2 D   4.4335
A
B  1.648 ln / 2D   16.094
International Space Development Conference 2009, Champions Gate, Florida
A
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20.00
Electromagnetic
effect is nonlinear
15.00
Shielding Error wrt Otoshi (%)
10.00
Aperture
Electromagnetic effect is linear
5.00
0.00
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
Mesh Aperture Diameter /Wavelength
Delta Otoshi function (λ/2Da = a5.00x))
Delta Otoshi function (λ/2Da = a9.27x))
Delta Otoshi function (λ/2Da = 17.19x))
Delta Otoshi function (λ/2Da = 31.86x))
Delta Otoshi function (λ/2Da = 59.08x))
Delta Otoshi function (λ/2Da = 09.53x))
1. The probability hypothesis suggests that for aperture sizes > 0.4 wavelength, the
electromagnetic effect is linear.
2. Need to build model of the non-probabilistic electromagnetic effects.
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International Space Development Conference 2009, Champions Gate, Florida
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Prob Leakage, Dp = 33.9 mm, & λ/2Da = 8.02x (RIGHT)
Disc
80.00
70.00
To counteract cloaking, reduce
wavelength to < 1/91.5x (>10dB)
SIgnal Strength (dB)
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
Stealth = Cloaking
20.00
Cloaking is possible if object size is
< 12.5 wavelength (<1dB)
10.00
P 
1
CE  10 log    10 log  
P 
P 

P
10
10
r
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
r
0.50
Wavelength / Aperture or Disc Size
Prob Leakage, Dp = 33.9 mm, & λ/2Da = 8.02x (RIGHT)
1. Cloaking Effectiveness, CEP, is defined ratio of the distribution that is present outside
the obstruction of radius r, i.e. the probability distribution that ‘escapes’ around the
disc or obstruction.
2. Using the same parameters as Schurig et al, 2006, the probability distribution model
shows that if disc size <12.5x wavelength, transmission is assured (<1dB).
3. However, this model does not describe the electromagnetic effects of the material on
the photon. Material properties are also key to cloaking.
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35.00
Molecular
Separation
30.00
Signal Strength (dB)
25.00
Obstruction
20.00
15.00
ln / D   7.396 lnP   7.432 / r  26.091
10.00
A
5.00
0.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
r
The quick & dirty λ/DA for a required cum
prob. P>r (e.g. ≤1%) beyond a radial distance
r from the axis of motion.
Wavelength / Aperture Diameter
Probability Loss, Dp = 2.1 mm, & λ/2Da = 8.21x, Unsqueezed Photon
λ=35.3mm, Probability Loss, Dp = 2.1 mm, & λ/2Da = 2440228.41x, FreeSpace Probability > 1m = 1%
λ=35.3mm, Probability Loss, Dp = 2.1 mm, & λ/2Da = 60728244517898.60x, FreeSpace Probability > 1m = 0.1%
1. Invisibility Effectiveness, IEP, is defined as the ability to pass through the spaces
between atoms and molecules of radius r without interacting with the material. The
ratio of the distribution that pass through the aperture.
2. This is achieved by squeezing the photon probability distribution.
3. Photon squeezing cannot be achieved by physical aperture manipulation alone but
requires a technological solution.
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There are 2 materials design strategies, shielding or invisibility that can be used for deep
space radiation shielding.
Shielding Materials enhance photon
interaction or localization with the
material by spreading the
probability distribution
Invisibility Materials reduce photon
interaction or localization with the
material by narrowing the probability
distribution
Molecules
Incoming
photon
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Molecules
Incoming
photon
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• Explained how the observer alters the observation.
• Showed that the photon probability distribution is non-Gaussian &
huge.
• Explained Shielding, Cloaking/Stealth, and Invisibility in terms of the
new non-Gaussian distribution. That these 3 phenomena are
essentially the same.
• Identified 2 new strategies for materials design.
• Seeking collaboration & funding.
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•
•
•
•
•
Hunte, G., Kowalski, M., Mani, R., Wadlinger, R.L.P., Engler, F., Richardson, T.: From the Hubble Radius to the Plank Scale, Proceedings
of a Symposium in Honour of the 80th Birthday of Jean-Pierre Vigier, Edited by Amoroso, R.L., Hunter, G., Kafatos, M., and Vigier, J-P.,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, (2002)
Lenhert, B.O.: New Developments in Electromagnetic Theory, : From the Hubble Radius to the Plank Scale, Proceedings of a Symposium
in Honour of the 80th Birthday of Jean-Pierre Vigier, Edited by Amoroso, R.L., Hunter, G., Kafatos, M., and Vigier, J-P., Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Boston, (2002).
Otoshi, T.Y.: A study of microwave transmission through perforated flat plates. JPL Technical Report, 32-1526, Vol. II (1972).
Schurig, D., Mock, J. J., Justice, B. J., Cummer, S. A., Pendry, J. B., Starr, A. F., Smith, D. R.: Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at
Microwave Frequencies. Science Vol. 314. no. 5801, pp. 977 - 980 (2006).
Solomon, B.T.: An Approach to Gravity Modification as a Propulsion Technology, Paper presented at the AIP Conference Space,
Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum, Institute for Advanced Studies, Huntsville, Alabama, 24-26 February 2009.
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• I would like to thank the National Space
Society for the opportunity to present this
work.
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• Benjamin T Solomon
• [email protected]
• iSETI LLC, P.O. Box 831
Evergreen, CO 80439
• Call For Papers: SPESIF 2010 @ John Hopkins
• http://www.ias-spes.org/SPESIF.html
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