Transcript On Digital Archives for sharing cultural resources

On Digital Archives for sharing
cultural resources
KUBO, Masatoshi
Professor, Research Center for Cultural Resources,
National Museum of Ethnology (NME)
[email protected]
2006/01/23
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The general functions of the National
Museum of Ethnology (NME)
(1) Ethnological and anthropological research
(2) Collection, conservation of ethnographical
materials and information
(3) Public Exhibition
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Storage for Artifacts
about 260,000 artifacts
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Storage for Audio Visual Materials
about 70,000 materials
Movable Shelves in Room
with 18-degree C.
Original Negative Film in Special
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Cool Room with 12-degree C.
Exhibit Hall
10,000 artifacts are exhibited in
about 10,000 m2
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Question about Ethnographical
Materials Management
1) Is it a true assumption that the ethnographical materials
described or collected by a researcher is objective?
2) Could the relation between the described-side and describingside be viewed with symmetry? The latter is sometimes
dominant over the former in political, economic, and even
cultural phases.
3) Are the ethnographical materials collected and described by the
dominant side sometimes exclusively possessed by that side,
not to mention "cultural deprivation"?
Answer to above question seems to
(1) renaming of ethnographical materials
(2) introduction of forum-type collaboration
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Renaming “Ethnographical Materials”
to “Cultural Resources”
Term “ethnography” implies that materials are viewed
from describing-side only.
On the other hand;
Term “cultural resources” implies
1) They are primarily owned by site people
2) They are resources for understanding own culture
as well as other culture
3) They are also a kind of “global commons”
－ toward “treasury of human wisdom”
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Coverage of “Cultural Resources”
In Context of UNESCO
Resources visible or
easy to become visible
- visible products from cultural heritage
to daily necessities
-documents of tangible and intangible
cultural heritage represented by text,
image, moving image, sound, etc.
- secondary documents
- tertiary documents
Invisible
embodied resources
- knowledge
- skill
- technique
- know-how
Invisible
system-like resources
- human-network
- organization
- institution
-concept of
intellectual properties
etc.
TCH
(Tangible Cultural Heritage)
instruments, objects,
artifacts, cultural spaces
Immovable CH
sites, landscape, etc.
ICH
(Intangible Cultural Heritage)
- oral traditions and expressions
- performing arts
- social practices, rituals, festive
events
- knowledge and practices
- traditional craftsmanship
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Key Points about Cultural Resources
- Cultural resources are alive and inherently changeful,
should not be taken as frozen.
- Cultural resources covers not only outstanding masterpieces,
but also everything relating to daily and ordinary life.
- The concept of “authenticity” should be excluded.
Every cultural group has the rights to revive, modify,
recreate, merge existing resources,
if it provides them with a sense of identity and continuity.
- Ownership of the resources must be respected.
When managing them, owners must be involved as equalpartners, based on predefined “codes of ethics”.
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Key Issue for
Managing Cultural Resources
(1) Needs of literacy in cultural resources management
(2) Needs of archivists specializing in each specific area
(3) Sustainable conservation and use of cultural resources
One solution is digitizing, but eternal “data migration”
will be necessary to follow up the rapid change of
both data format and storage media.
(4) Balance between protection of various rights of
resources and sharing of them.
* pro-patent vs. public-domain
* consideration on non-Western concept of rights
“culturally defined intellectual properties”
(5) Balance between cost and performance
* “true multi media”
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Key Issue for
Culturally Defined Intellectual Properties
(1) collective rights, custodianship
(2) specific profile rights;
ex. Australian Aboriginal culture prohibits exposing faces of the
deceased person
(3) access to sacred/secret cultural resources;
access must be limited, with the consent of relevant cultural
owners
(4) problem of “repatriation”
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Discussion On “Commons”
Western World
pro-patent
pro-IP (Intellectual
Properties)
anti-patent, anti-IP
movements
“commons”
ex. creative commons
Non-Western World
culturally defined
intellectual properties
ex. “cultural moral rights”
pro-patent, pro-IP
for claiming
rights, identity, etc.
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About Repatriation
Probable Solutions;
(1) Where cultural ownership can be established, and those
institutions can demonstrate their ability to preserve and
maintain the items, the resource must be repatriated.
(2) Where preservation and maintenance of resources at the
owner society is difficult, ownership and information or
copy is repatriated, while original resources themselves will
be maintained at the proper institutes or museums.
Based on the negotiation, information can be shared
between owner and keeper organization.
Virtual Repatriation
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Proposal: Introduction of Forum-Type
Collaboration in the Cultural Resources
Management
Establishing forum for sharing cultural resources among
cultural owners, researchers and users including web/museum
visitors, that has the following effects:
(1) Shift from exclusive control by specialists to sharing and joint
works
(2) Change of research ethics
(3) Upgrading information through sharing
(4) Cultural restoration at the sites
(5) Shift from construction of intellectual databases to discovery of
human wisdom
(6) The effects of fusion of the humanities and natural sciences 14
Flow of Cultural Resources Management
Headwaters
Investigation
＆ Collection
of Materials
Upper Stream
Conservation
and Keeping
Mid Stream
Documentation &
Computerization
Lower Stream
Put to
Academic Use
Put to
Public Use
Social and International Collaboration
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Flow of Cultural Resources Management and
Forum-Type Collaboration
Headwaters
Stage
Item
Activity
Documents
Generated
Member of
Forum on
the Internet
Investigation
and Collection
Flow of Cultural Resources Management
Upper Stream
Mid Stream
Research
Fieldwork
Joint research
Collection
Symposium
Film-shooting
Joint research and collection
with institutes or researchers at the site
Joint research and information collection
with domestic and foreign museums
Field-notes
Archival documents
Images and photos
Moving images
Papers for
research workshop
Records of
research workshop
Records of discussion
Put to
Public Use
Lecture
Exhibition
Event for public
Publishing inc luding
electronic form
Seminar
Public performance
Opening website
Survey of research area
Catalogues of related
books and documents
Data collection
Database
Directory of researchers
Block copy
Multimedia contents
Video films
Database
Teaching and learning
materials
Researcher
Researcher at the site
Local informant
Joint research
collaborator
Role of
Research
Center and
Information
Center
Advanced
Research
Lower Stream
Technical support
Finances and
personnel management
Liaison
Coordination
Management of
intellectual properties
Researcher in related field
Registered member
(Read/Write)
The general public
(Read Only Member)
Management of moral rights
and rights of public ity
Persons engaged
in education
Persons engaged
in publishing
Direction and
production of contents
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Examples of forum-type database/archives
project we were/are concerned
(1) Collaboration of Japanese museums and art galleries
(2) Making and sharing of ethnographical videos
between NME and museums in Southeast Asia
(3) MEF (Multimedia Educational Forum) with school
teachers in Osaka Prefecture
(4) Creation of cultural macro-micro time-space map: for
investigating Eco-History of Southeast Asia
(5) Museum-network for sharing ethnological archival
collection between Laos and Japan
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Concept of MEF (Multimedia Educational
Forum)
• MEF is a NPO composed of high-school teachers, researchers,
computer venders, etc. in Osaka Prefecture.
• Registered member can upload digital teaching materials to the
forum, namely digital archives.
• School teachers can download any set of digital materials to form
their own “digital teaching contents.”
• Experiences are shared through this forum.
• MEF acts as a consultant on Intellectual Properties of digital
materials.
• MEF also supports to form and expand human-network among
school teachers.
MEF
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Proposal: Establishing worldwide forum
collaboration for sharing cultural resources
Regional
forum
Regional
forum
Global
forum
Regional
forum
Hub information center
databases/archives services
clearinghouse services
supporting services
Local museums,
institutions, etc.
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Requirements for the database/archives
that enables forum-type collaboration
(1) Mechanism for harvesting or cross-search
among various types of databases/archives
(2) Mechanism for registered member to add to
or modify existing information
(3) Ensuring individual rights and responsibility
(4) Protection of intellectual properties
including culturally defined ones.
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Centralized passive clearinghouse
Web Browser
or IR-client
Web Browser
or IR-client
②
②
Client-Side
Server-Side
Clearinghouse
③
③
Directory of Indices and
Part of data records
①
Database
1-1
Database
1-2
Institute-1
①
Database
2-1
Database
2-2
Institute-2
① Offer common indices and part of data records
② Retrieval of candidate data
③ Retrieval of detailed information
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Centralized active clearinghouse
Web Browser
or IR-client
Web Browser
or IR-client
Client-Side
②
②
Clearinghouse
Server-Side
Search Engine
Indices and part of data
Harvesting Engine
①
Database
1-1
Database
1-2
Institute-1
①
Database
2-1
Database
2-2
Institute-2
① Harvest data items for constructing directory
② Retrieval of data records
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Decentralized Cross-search System
Web Browser
or IR-client
Web Browser
or IR-client
Client-Side
Server-Side
Accessing by
standard protocol
Cross-search Gate Way
Server for
standard
protocol
Metadata
representation
Database
1-1
Server for
standard
protocol
Metadata
representation
Database
1-2
Institute-1
Cross-search Gate Way
Server for
standard
protocol
Metadata
representation
Database
2-1
Server for
standard
protocol
Metadata
representation
Database
2-2
Institute-2
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Experimental decentralized
cross-search system conducted by
National Institute of Japanese Literature
Participating Institutes
National Institute of Japanese Literature
National Museum of Japanese History
Historiographical Institute, University of Tokyo
Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University
International Research Center for Japanese Studies
National Institute of Informatics
National Museum of Ethnology
Present Activity
* Study of effectiveness of Z39.50
* Feasibility study of protocol other than Z39.50 like
OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata
Harvesting)
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
* Study of constructing thesaurus;
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for terms, place-names, era-names, etc.
System Configuration of MARS (Multi Archives Retrieval System)
From
Other Institutions
Z39.50
Server
Cross-Search
Interface
Z39.50 Gateway with
NME’s
Recommendation
Z39.50 – Cross Search Gateway
Z39.50 - Web Gateway
HTTP Server
Z39.50 Server
Application Logic
Application Logic
Z39.50 Z39.50 Z39.50 Z39.50 Z39.50
Client Client Client Client Client
From
Other Institutions
Z39.50
Z39.50
Server
Server
Z39.50 Client
Web Browser
Web Browser
Web Browser
Z39.50 Server
Application Logic
Z39.50 Z39.50 Z39.50 Z39.50
Client Client Client Client
Z39.50 Z39.50 Z39.50
Client Client Client
Z39.50 Server
Z39.50 Server
Z39.50 Server
Z39.50 Server
attribute set
attribute set
attribute set
attribute set
CIMI Profile
Z39.50 Mapping
Function
Z39.50 Mapping
Function
Z39.50 Mapping
Function
Z39.50 Mapping
Function
Metadata (such as
Dublin Core)
representation
using XML
Metadata (such as
Dublin Core)
representation
using XML
Metadata (such as
Dublin Core)
representation
using XML
Metadata (such as
Dublin Core)
representation
using XML
Attribute/Value
pair using XML
Attribute/Value
pair using XML
Attribute/Value
pair using XML
Attribute/Value
pair using XML
Application Logic
Application Logic
Application Logic
Application Logic
HTTP Server
HTTP Server
HTTP Server
HTTP Server
SubDatabase-1
SubDatabase-2
SubDatabase-3
SubDatabase-4
MARS
(Multi Archives
Retrieval System)
Simple-Search Interface
Web Browser
Web Browser
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