Transcript SPACE AND TIME SCALES IN RIVERINE TRANSFERS : ANTHROPOSPHERE

Les transferts fluviaux: échelles de temps et d’espace.
M. Meybeck Orléans 22.03.2005
SPACE AND TIME SCALES IN RIVERINE TRANSFERS :
WATER CH
4 CO2
ATMOSPHERE
1
2
6
4
ANTHROPOSPHERE
18
3,5
CO
2
WATER DUS T
CH CO N O
CH N O
4 2
2 2
22
22
12
ENERGY
COASTAL
R
WATER ZONE
I
V
WETLANDS
E SEDIMENTS
9
EROS ION
R
21
19
WEATHERING S CARBON
4
7
TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION, SOIL
8
11
7
11
GROUNDWATERS
10
CH CO WATER
4
22
5
2
NUTRIENTS
O
P
E
N
O
C
E
A
N
20
LAKES
14
RESERVOIRS
13
15
16
SILTING
CONTINENTAL SEDIMENTS
COASTAL
SEDIMENT
OCEAN
SEDIMENT
UPLIFT
17
SURFACE LITHOSPHERE
1 = N fixation, 2 = water consumption, 3 = fertilisation, 4 = food and fiber consumption, 5 = waste release, 6 = atmospheric pollutants fallout,
7 = water abstraction and diversion, 8 = land use (deforestation, cropping, urbanisation), 9 = draining, 10 = salinization, contamination, depletion,
11 = irrigation, 12 = diversion, 13 = evaporation, regulation, eutrophication, 14 = eutrophication, 15 = damming, water storage, diversion,
16 = silting, 17 = mining, 18 = industrial transformation, 19 = enhanced soil erosion, 20 = xenobiotics fluxes, 21 = changes of inputs to coastal
zone, 22 = changes in Green House Gases emission.
Spatial organisation of terrestrial aquatic systems.
Spatial organisation of terrestrial aquatic systems.
NATURAL ORIGINS AND PATHWAYS OF RIVER PARTICULATES
ATMOSPHERIC
FALLOUT
U
16
RIVER BED
INCISION
NATURAL
SOIL EROSION
2
1
S1
 S2
3
4
SLOPES
UPPER COURSE
 S3
5
14
6
LAKES
S4 
15 a
7
8
ALLUVIAL
PLAINS
MIDDLE/LOWER COURSE
 S5
S6 
15 b
S7 
13
9
RIVER
BED
10
11
DELTAIC
SEDIMENT
ESTUARY/DELTA
12
COASTAL
SEDIMENT
SINKS &
EXCHANGES
COAST
• In natural conditions, sediment transfert is a succession of sources
and sinks : delivery ratio is usually 10 to 20 %
• Sediment survey may capture different pictures of this transfer
FLUVIAL FILTERING
SCHEMATIC POSITION OF RIVER MATERIAL FILTERS WITHIN PRISTINE
FILTERS POSITIONS
RIVER SYSTEMS.
ATMOSPHERE
AGRIC.
HUMANS
F1
Fev
F2
VEG
SOIL
SOIL
ARHEIC
GW
F3
F0
Fev
F4
RHEIC
COAST
ARHEIC
F5
F0
SLP
WL
LK
FLP
EST
SED
SED
SED
SED
SED
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
FILTERS
COAST
Sédim. deposition
Biogeoch. cycling
Gaz escape; evap.
In addition to the soil/plant filter (F0), different types of filters control the pathways and transfers of river
borne material: slopes and piedmonts (F1), headwaters wetlands (F2), lakes (F3), inundated floodplain (F4)
and estuaries (F5). Human impacts are very limited.
SEINE BASIN ANALYSIS
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PARIS IMPACTS ON THE SEINE RIVER
S
V
J2
U
T
Q1
UPPER SEINE
R
P
E
J1
MARNE
Q2
SEINE
B
E
G1
OISE
G2
A
F
H
D
F
C
L
G1
O
J
100 km
K
N
M
• Paris megacity (10 M people), 2 500 km2 has been the major driving force of the Seine
basin for the last 1000 years
• Flow regulation, channelization, sand extraction, waste water release are among the
major pressures
TSSMIN
2
SEINE BASIN
ANALYSIS
1
C/CN
C/CN
STREAM ORDER PROFILES OF0.5AVERAGE WATER QUALITY
BGR AGR
POINT SOURCES IMPACT
Hg, Ag
50
20
C/C
C/C
C/C
OUT
N out
50
20
+
NH4
Pb, Zn
10
+
10
Na
-DOC, SO4
5
2
++
Mg, Ca,
1
50
20
10
5
2
1
0.5
/COUT
10.0
1.0
++
50
HCO,3 Co
POP. 1
100 150 250 250
DENSITY
-2
p km
PARIS MEGACITY
DIFFUSE SOURCES IMPACT
6
8
7
POINT SOURCES
IMPACT
XENOBIOTICS
Hg, Ag
MAX. ATRAZINE
+
1.0
NH4
Pb, Zn
0.1
Na
-DOC, SO4
+
PCBs
++
Mg, Ca,
++
-
BGR AGR
3
5
4
6
8
7
Cd Note log-scales. Arrow indicates the release of Paris treated sewers.
Upper:
Natural products with marked impacts of point sources and/or urbanization: annual median concentration in wat
ALGAL
POC
- annualC/C
meanNcontents in particulates, normalized to natural backgr
ound (CN) generally increasing with population density
NO3 M iddle: Natural products
DIFFUSE
SOURCES
with marked impacts
of diffuse sourcesIMPACT
(atmospheric fallout for Cl-;Cd
agriculture for NO3-, K+
50
particulate phosphorus=PP) and of eutrophication occuring on orders 4 to 8 (algal POC production and dissolved silica
Cl
ALGAL
POC
+
increase of minimum TSS due to eutrophication, navigation, and sewer inputs. Annual means of
median
- normalized to n
20 (C).N Lower: Xenobiotics. M ean PCBÕs and maximum spring atrazine normalized to river mouth
K, PPbackground
mean
NO3
TSSMINvalue (C).OUTNote log-scales. Arrow indicates the release of Paris treated sewers.
• Space distribution of water
quality indicator is highly
10
dependant on stream order/
5
population density/types ofSiO
2
human
pressure
BGR AGR 3
5
6
8
4
7
STREAM1
Cl
+
K, PP
TSSMIN
2
• Normalized
indicators
XENOBIOTICS
permit space
analysis
MAX. ATRAZINE
STREAM
ORDER
HCO,
3 Co
STREAM
POP.
ORDER
BGR AGR 10 20 50 100 150 250 250
DENSITY
Figure 6.Schematic ranking of median water quality indicators in the Seine River byParis
stream orders from headwaters to r
-2
mouth (500C/C
km). BGR
1 to 3); AGR = stream orders 1 and 2 p
impacted
km by a
N = natural background (forest streams orders
PARIS MEGACITY
ORDER
SiO2
0.5
BGR AGR
C/COUT
10.0
0.1
5
4
2
-
BGR AGR 10 20
C/CN
5
10.0
3
SiO2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Paris
BGR : Orders
1 to 2 forested
XENOBIOTICS
STREAM
ORDER
AGR : Orders 1 toMAX.
3 rural
(<20 p/km2)
ATRAZINE
SEINE BASIN ANALYSIS
IMPACT PROFILES OF PARIS MEGACITY ON THE SEINE RIVER
2
IMPACT SEVERITY
6
4
1A
7
SEVERE
1B
5
MODERATE
3
ENGLISH
CHANNEL
NEGLIGIBLE
EXTERNAL
DISTAL
PROXIMAL
LOCAL
PROXIMAL
PARIS MEGACITY
400
200
1.A, 1.B Organic Pollution
2. Combined Sewer Overflow
3. Estuarine nitrification
4. Metal Contamination
50
0
70
DISTAL
EXTERNAL
SEINE ESTUARY
200
300
km
5. Habitat degradation
6. Atmopsheric pollution
7. Timber rafting (1600-1920)
FLUVIAL FILTERING
FLUVIAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONING IN THE ANTHROPOCENE
POLLUTED/REGULATED FLUVIAL SYSTEM FILTERS POSITIONS
LRAP
ATMOSPHERE
J
ENERGY
MINING
TRANSP
IND
URB
J
NET
STORAGE
LRAP
F0
F1
AGRI
A
VEGETATION
Fo SOIL
A
CROP
WD
STP
Fev
CROP
IRRIGATED
FIELD
F7
F3
F2
F1
H
GROUNDWATER
F4
B
D
C
E
G
F7
I
H
F6
SLP
WL
LK
RESERV
FLP
L
EST
C
E
COAST
H
D
F1
F1
F2
F3
F6
F4
Socio economic
systems
Artificial river
network
Contaminated
water
Impacted/regulated
environment
Regulated
water flux
Transition
environment
Pristine water
Sub pristine
environment
F6
F5
F7
Coast
Artificial
filters
Evaporation
Sediment
Agrochemicals
Crop
F0 / F5
F5
Natural
filters
Material,
Fluxes information
of
and
financial
fluxes
contaminants
within anthroposhere
EXAMPLES OF RESERVOIRS IMPACTS ON LAND-OCEAN
FLUXES
In the Mediterranean watershed the sediment load has been
reduced from 620 M t/y to 180 M t/y.
Globally the sediment storage in large dams is 5 billions t/y (circa
25% of present flux) ; could be double if small reservoirs are
considered.
In dry regions impoundments are associated with water losses
through evapotranspiration for irrigation (2,55 M km2 globally) and
marked reduction of river flows to oceans, towards "neoarheism"
as :
Asia : Amu Darya, Syr Daria, Yellow, Indus
North America : Colorado, Rio Grande
Africa : Nile, Orange
Australasia : Murray
Time scales of responses of aquatic systems to changes
EUTROPHICATION
Discharge
∆pH
RIVER EUTROPHICATION : DAILY pH CYCLES IN THE
LOIRE RIVER(AT DAMPIERRE)
PA68
F. Moatar (1999,
Univ. Tours)
• During spring and summer algal blooms (chloro A > 100 µg/L) the daily pH cycles
may reach 1.2 pH units
• Such events can only be noted during stable low flows : they are destroyed by
floods
EUTROPHICATION
NITRATE TRENDS IN WORLD RIVERS
Thames
From 1960 to 1990 nitrate
has increased in most large
rivers
Maximum rates are observed
in smaller catchments
exposed to intensive fertilizer
use
Seine
Rhine
Danube
Mississippi
SD11
EUTROPHICATION
A SUCCESS STORY : NUTRIENTS CONTROL IN THE RHINE R.
mg P /L
mg P /L
Van Dijk & Marteijn, 1993
• The major effort of sewage collection was between 1960 and 1975 : it
resulted in particulate P abatment and NH4+ decrease
• P-PO43- control then decrease was only achieved after the 1985 ban of P
detergents and the dephosphatation in most treatment plants
CONTAMINATION
SCHEMATIC TRENDS OF SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION
IN ESTUARINE CORES
TE3
• Heavy metals (A) have peaked in the 1960 ’s (USA) to the 1980 ’s (some W. Europe rivers),
their trends are barely documented on other continents
• Carcinogenic polyaromatic carbons may still increase in some regions
• Polychlorinated biphenyls do not exist in nature (xenobiotics) : they trace the modern
human pressure
• Both PAHs and PCBs are inadequately surveyed in rivers
CONTAMINATION HERITAGE
OLDEST HUMAN IMPACT (Pb, Cu, As…) RECORDED IN RIVER
SEDIMENTS : RIO TINTO PREHISTORIC MINES, 2500 BC (SPAIN)
0,01
1
10
1000
1930 BP
2 550 BP
3 000 BP
• Rio Tinto gold mines were already
active more than 4500 y ago
• Resulting heavy metal contamination
has been enormous :
Hg100, Pb1500, As50
• Mining is still going on in this region
where the geochemical background has
been modified since millenia (inheritated
pollution)
6 000 BP
PF33
Leblanc et al, 1999 (Montpellier University)
MAN AND RIVER RELATIONS
SUCCESSFULL REMEDIATION OF WATER QUALITY ISSUE
• CN natural concentration, CR recommended concentration, CL limit concentration
• Solving water quality issues takes at least 20 y and more (e.g. Great Lakes, Leman L., Rhine R.)
• Social inertia are cumulated with environmental inertia (e.g. water residence time, particulates transfer)
• Many Human impacts and/or water-related structures can be regarded as permanent (e.g. mine tailings,
large dams, sewage networks, i.e. lasting 100 to 1000 y)
TYPOLOGIES OF RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT SRATEGIES FOR
WATER QUALITY ILLUSTRATED BY TRENDS IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGED ISSUES
F
SEVERE
IMPACT
H
CN3
E
CL
C
MODERATE
IMPACT
B2
CR
B1
CN1
D
NEGLIGIBLE
IMPACT
PRISTINE
T0
T2
TIME
CN1, CN2, CN3, natural, (CR) recommended and (CL) limit concentrations. T0 = start of environmental pressures
(), T2 = environmental impact detection (), T4 = start of environmental measures (), unplanned decrease
of environmental pressures (). A1 and A2 : unecessary management, B1 : precaution management, B2 :
delayed precaution management, C : maximum impact management, D : total ban, E : delayed pollution
regulation, F : laissez-faire, G : unplanned improvement, H : natural pressure remediation, I : unperceived
issue, J1 and J2 : natural pressure endurance and natural pressure suffering.
TYPOLOGIES OF RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT SRATEGIES FOR
WATER QUALITY ILLUSTRATED BY TRENDS IN WATER QUALITY
UNMANAGED ISSUES
I
J2
CN3
CL
SEVERE
IMPACT

J1
CN2
MODERATE
IMPACT
G
CR
A2
CN1
A1
T0
T2
10 to 100 y
NEGLIGIBLE
IMPACT
PRISTINE
TIME
CN1, CN2, CN3, natural, (CR) recommended and (CL) limit concentrations. T0 = start of environmental pressures
(), T2 = environmental impact detection (), T4 = start of environmental measures (), unplanned decrease
of environmental pressures (). A1 and A2 : unecessary management, B1 : precaution management, B2 :
delayed precaution management, C : maximum impact management, D : total ban, E : delayed pollution
regulation, F : laissez-faire, G : unplanned improvement, H : natural pressure remediation, I : unperceived
issue, J1 and J2 : natural pressure endurance and natural pressure suffering.
HUMAN IMPACTS
RISKS
USES
HUMAN
DRIVERS
RESOURCES
SERVICES
FUNCTIONS
CONTINENTAL
AQUATIC
SYSTEMS
PRESSURES
EARTH
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
GLOBAL
CHANGE
DRIVERS
CONTROL
CHANGES
SOCIETAL
RESPONSES
SHORT TERM
REACTION
SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC
IMPACTS
RIVER SYNDROMES
• chemical alteration
• salinisation
• acidification
• eutrophication
• flow regulation
• fragmentation
• silting
• neoarheism
ANTHROPOSPHERE
EARTH
SYSTEM
RESPONSE
LONG TERM
REACTION
EARTH
SYSTEM
CHANGES
EARTH SYSTEM
Continental Aquatic Systems shared by the Anthroposphere and the Earth
System at the Anthropocene
REGULATION/RESTORATION
REGULATION/RESTORATION
REGULATION/RESTORATION
RESPONSES
RESPONSES
ECOL. FARMING
ECOL. FARMING
RESPONSES
REGULATION/RESTORATION
RESPONSES
ECOL.
FARMING
ART. GW
RECHARGE
ART.
GW RECHARGE
ART.
GW
RECHARGE
ECOL.
FARMING
ENVIR.ENVIR.
REGUL.
GWREGUL.
RECHARGE
ENVIR. ART.
REGUL.
ATM. POLL.
CONTROL
ENVIR.
REGUL.
ATM.
POLL.
CONTROL
ATM. POLL. CONTROL
ATM.
POLL.
CONTROL
RENATUR.
/ RESTOR.
RENATUR.
/ RESTOR.
RENATUR.
/ RESTOR.
RENATUR.
/ RESTOR.
SEWAGE
COLL.
/TREAT.
SEWAGE
COLL./TREAT.
/TREAT.
SEWAGE
COLL. /TREAT.
SEWAGE
COLL.
HUMAN
PRESSURES
HUMAN PRESSURES
HUMAN
PRESSURES
HUMAN
PRESSURES
AGROCHEMICALS
AGROCHEMICALS
AGROCHEMICALS
AGROCHEMICALS
ATM.
POLLUTION
ATM.POLLUTION
POLLUTION
ATM.
MINING
IMPACTS
ATM. POLLUTION
MINING
IMPACTS
MINING
IMPACTS
URBAN
POP.
IMPACTS
IMPACTS
RIVER
ENGINEERING
URBANMINING
POP.IMPACTS
IMPACTS
URBAN
POP.
URBAN
POP. IMPACTS
LAND
USE
RIVER
RIVERENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
RIVER
ENGINEERING
LAND
LANDUSE
USE
LAND USE
CLIMATE VARIABILITY
VARIABILITY
CLIMATE
CLIMATE VARIABILITY
CLIMATE
VARIABILITY
1000
1800
0
0
0
0
1000
1000
1000
1800
1800
1800
1900
1900
1950
1950
1900
1900
< 0,1% global area affected
< 0,1% global area affected
0,1 to 1%
0,1% AFFECTED
global area affected
0,1 to<AREA
1%
< 0,1% GLOBAL
1 to 10 %
0,1 to 1% 1 to 100,1
% to 1%
10
to
50
%
1 to 10 % 10 to 50
1
to
10 %
%
10 to 50 % > 50 %
> 50 %
> 50 %10 to 50 %
> 50 %
2000
2000
1950
1950
TIME
TIME
2000
TIME
2000
Meybeck, 2001
TIME
Natural climate variability
Natural climate variability
NATURAL
CLIMATE
VARIABILITY
Natural
climate
variability
Anthropogenic
climate
variability
Anthropogenic
climate variability
ANTHROPOGENIC
Anthropogenic
climate variability
CLIMATE
VARIABILITY
Figure M6 : Working hypotheses on the occurrence of some major pressures on terrestrial
Figure M6 : Working
hypotheses
on the occurrence
of some major pressures
on terrestrial
aquaticdelayed
systems at the global
Human
responses
toscale
environmental
impacts
are
usually
aquaticM6
systems
at thehypotheses
global
and
related
environmental
remediation
responses
(note
Figure
:
Working
on
the
occurrence
of
some
major
pressures
on
terrestrial
scale and related environmental
remediation responses
(note the
time acceleration)(adapted from Meybeck, 2001)
the timesystems
acceleration)(adapted
fromand
Meybeck,
aquatic
at the global scale
related2001)
environmental remediation responses (note
Figure M6 : Working hypotheses on the occurrence of some major pressures on terrestrial
WORKING HYPOTHESES ON THE EVOLUTION OF WATER QUALITY
ISSUES IN THE NEW WORLD (AMERICAS, AFRICAS, SOUTH ASIA,
AUSTRALASIA) FOR SOME KEY ISSUES
SOUTH AMERICA
SEVERE IMPACT
B
?
CL
A2
MODERATE IMPACT
D
CR
CN
C
A1
NEGLIGIBLE IMPACT
?
PRISTINE
- 2000
0
E
1000
1492
1900
1950
1970
2000
anthropocene
A : metal contamination. B : organic and faecal contamination. C : nitrate
pollution. D : organic micropollutants (xenobiotic). E : radionucleids. Accelerated
time scale.
WORKING HYPOTHESES ON THE EVOLUTION OF WATER QUALITY
ISSUES IN THE OLD WORLD (EUROPE, MEDITERRANEAN BASIN,
MIDDLE EAST, EAST ASIA) FOR SOME KEY ISSUES
OLD WORLD
A
SEVERE IMPACT
B
CL
MODERATE IMPACT
E
CR
NEGLIGIBLE IMPACT
C
CN
PRISTINE
- 2000
0
D
1000
1492
LOCAL IMPACTS
1900
1950
REGIONAL GLOBAL
1970
2000
anthropocene
A : metal contamination. B : organic and faecal contamination. C : nitrate
pollution. D : organic micropollutants (xenobiotic). E : radionucleids. Accelerated
time scale.
FLUVIAL FILTERING
Trajectories of riverine fluxes of contaminants and nutrients during
the Holocene and Anthropocene (accelerated time scale)
Flux
HOLOCENE
ANTHROPOCENE
IA
Emissions > Retentions
IB
A
B
IC
Emissions = retentions
Holocene range
IIC
IIA,B
Retentions > Emissions
10 000
0
AD
Paleo
1000
1700
1950
and Historical records
Surveys
2000
2100
Scenarios