Transcript ESPM 120 Soil Characteristics Fall 2005

ESPM 120
Soil Characteristics
Fall 2005
ESPM 120 (CCN 29340)
“Soil Characteristics”
Fall 2005
Instructor and Office Hours:
Ronald Amundson
317 Hilgard Hall
phone: 643-7890
e-mail: [email protected]
Office Hours: M,W 1:30-3:00
Assistant
Jon Sanderman
47 Hilgard
phone: 643-6910
e-mail: [email protected]
Class Web Site: Source for all handouts, figures, homework.
http://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/espm-120
UNITS: 3
LECTURES: Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 10-11am, 132 Mu lford Hall
FIELD TRIP: This is a required part of the course: 8:00am to 6:30pm, Saturday,
October 8, 2005. Written report is required.
TEXTBOOK: The Nature & Properties of Soils, 13th Edition, by N.C. Brady and R.R.
Weil, 2002. Prentice Hall, Inc. New Jersey.
EXAM INATIONS AND CREDIT BREAKDOWN:
Midterm Exam I
Midterm Exam II
Final Exam
Field Trip Report
Assignments, Participation
20%
20%
25%
15%
20%
ASSIGNMENTS: Eight main assignments will be distributed throughout the semester,
and they will be due about a week later. They may form the basis of in-class
discussions on some class days; therefore, having them completed will help with your
participation grade. There will also be a Field Trip report. Late assignments will be
subject to a reduction in score.
Week
1
Month
Augu st
Day
29
Topic
Introduc tion: Soils and
Berkele y
Introduc tion to the Soil
System
Introduc tion to the Soil
System
Demo: Soils in Daily Life
HOLIDAY: L abor Day
Soil Formation: Factors and
Processes
Demo: Getting Dirty
Soil Architecture: Horizons,
Particles and Aggregates
Continu ed
Demo: Soil texture and
density (taking a bath with
Archimedes)
Reading
19
21
23
Soil Classific ation
Soil Classific ation
Soil Classific ation
Chap. 3
26
Chap. 8
28
30
Soil Architecture:
Chemistry and m inerals
Continu ed
Demo: Minerals and clay
3
5
7
Soil Atmosphere
EXAM 1
Continu ed
Chap. 7
10
12
14
Water in Soils
Water in Soils
Demo: Soil temperature,
CO2
Soil hyd rolog ic al c ycle s
continued
Demo: Soil Water
Soil acidity
Soil Salinity
Discussion: Soil Salinity in
California
Soil ecology
Continu ed
Soil Carbon Cy cle
Chap. 5
31
2
2
September
5
7
9
12
3
14
16
4
5
6
October
7
8
17
19
21
24
26
28
9
10
November
31
2
4
Homework
Chap.1
11
1: Soil in ou r
lives
12
Soil Carbon Cy cle
7
9
11
14
Continu ed
Soil s Nitr ogen Cy cle
HOLIDAY: Veterans Day
Demo: Measuring soil C
and N
EXAM 2
16
Chap. 2
No home work
Chap. 4
2: Soil
calc ulations
wit h cla y and
BD
18
21
23
13
25
28
14
30
December
3.Soil
Classification
4: Cation
exchange, etc
Field Trip Oct.
8
5: Soil water
Chap. 6
6: Soil gases
Chap. 9
Chap. 10
7: Soil sali nity
Chap. 11
Chap. 12
4
8: Soil C cycle
and c alculations
15
2
5
7
9
13
Soil N continued
Soil P and M icronutrients
The Human Foo tprint:
Erosion
HOLIDAY: T hank sgiv ing
The Human Foo tprint: L and
Disturbance
The Human Foo tprint: C
and N
Discussion: Soil C and
Climate Policy
Soil Rating Sys tems
Soil Rating Sys tems
Review
FINAL EXAM 8 -11AM
Chap. 12
8: Soil C cycle
and c alculations
Chap. 13
PAPER TOPIC
CHOSEN
Chap. 14
Chap. 17
Chap. 4
PAPER DU E
History of Pedology
• mid 19th Century: no scientific study of soils
• Soil science followed closely behind development of geology
(early 19th century) and biology (Origin of Species).
• Two key contributors to development of Pedology
– Vasili Dochuchaev (Russian geographer/mineralogist)
– Eugene Hilgard (American geologist/chemist)
Dokuchaev and the founders of Russian pedology
Eugene Hilgard and Soil Science at Berkeley
•Born in Germany
•Raised in American frontier (Illinois) in intellectually oriented family
•Received PhD at University of Heidelberg
–Agricultural chemistry and geology
•Accepted position as Assistant State Geology of Mississippi in 1855
Hilgard in Mississippi
•Not a glamorous job
•Recognized his future with state lie not with
geology but agriculture and soils
•Produced a landmark document (next slide)
with half geology and half soils
The Mississippi Report
•Detailed discussion of soil
formation and soil chemistry
•“soil” map of state….
Hilgard’s Agricultural Map
•analogous to modern
generalized soil map
•Map units based on geology
and vegetation
Hilgard Moves to California
•Recruited by UC president in 1874
•Replaced first chair of agriculture
(who was fired)
Berkeley when Hilgard arrived….
•Despite cultural isolation Hilgard
seized opportunty to expand
College of Agriculture (now CNR)
and make soils a national issue
Hilgard and John Wesley Powell (USGS)
•Prodded JW Powell to start a national
soil survey program (later adopted by
USDA)
Hilgard and his legacy….
• Mountains, lakes, streets, buildings, journals are all named after Hilgard
• His influence was international, inspiring the next generation of scientists,
particularly Hans Jenny……
Hans Jenny and Soil Formation
• soils form predictably in
response to environmental
factors (Dokuchaev ~ 1880)
• Hans Jenny (1920’s to 1930’s)
transformed conceptual model to
a more quantitative theory
following tenets of physical
chemistry
State Factor Equation
Soil = f (initial conditions, external conditions, time)
or, based on field observation
Soils = f (climate, biota, topography, parent material,
time, …. )
Key Concepts of State Factor Theory
•Factors are independent of system
–System is small relative to surroundings
• A change in variables defines a new system
–there are essentially an infinite number of soils