Transcript Components of IPM

Components of IPM
Introduction
Insect
pests
bottlenecks
in
the
production of crops inflicting on an
average about 30%
yield loss. There is thus ample scope to
enhance
curtailing
our
food
losses
production
due
to
by
pests.
Pesticides have of course played a
commendable role in increasing our
food production and protecting us
against disease vectors. However sole
reliance on pesticides has created
several problems.
Planthopper damaged crop
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This prompted scientists to look for
safer
and
methods
environment
of
consequently
pest
friendly
control
concept
of
insect
and
pest
DB-Mechanical
Methods
Disease
DB-Cultural
methods
DB-Physical
methods
management came in to being. In
IPM different methods of pest control
such as resistant varieties, cultural
ETL
DB-Bio-control
methods
methods, physical methods, natural
enemies and pesticides are integrated
to suppress pest population without
IPM
DB-Chemical
methods
Multipest-modules
nematode
jeopardizing other components of the
environment.
weeds
Dissemination
Multiple pest management programmes
IPM Concept
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Cultural practices
Routine agronomic practices, such as
tillage, sowing time, nutrient & water
management, clean cultivation, method
& time of harvesting, with slight
modification can be used to reduce pest
pressure
without
any
extra
expenditure.
Deep summer ploughing
Flooding of fields
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Clean cultivation

Removal of weeds and excess
nurseries reduces incidence of
borers,
grasshoppers,
leafhoppers, gall midge, leaf
folder. Removal of Echinochloa
from field and bunds brings
down gundhi bug population.
Echinochloa weed
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Nutrient and water management
Judicious
use
of
nitrogenous
fertilizers with emphasis of balanced
fertilizer
application
reduces
incidence of pests on crops.
Alternate
than
wetting and drying rather
continuous
flooding
lowers
Healthy crop
incidence of planthoppers. On the
other hand, flooding of rice fields
reduces losses due to armyworms.
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Trap crop
Planting mustard around the field of
cabbage reduces incidence of aphids and
diamond back moth.
Harvesting
Harvesting
at
ground
level
and
destruction of stubbles helps to destroy
overwintering yellow stem borer larvae
thereby reducing its incidence in ensuing
crop season.
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Stem borer damage
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Resistant Varieties
Preference
should
be
given
to
cultivation of resistant varieties as
they
greatly reduce need for other
control measures. Resistant cultivar
also
enhance
activity
of
natural
enemy of pests thereby aiding in
biological control of pests. These are
also
compatible
with
cultural
Susceptible and resistant varieties
practices and pesticides.
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Some of the Resistant varieties of rice
Gall midge: Abhaya, Asha, Dhanya Lakshmi,
Divya, Karna, Kakatiya, Lalat, Mahaveera,
Phalguna, Pratap, Rajendradhan 202, Ruchi,
Sarsa, Shakti, Surekha, Usha, Vikram
Stem borer: Aaket, Deepti, Pajyur, Ratna,
Sasyasree, Vikas
Brown planthopper (BPH): Aruna, Bhadra,
Chaitanya,
Chandana,
jyoti,
Krishnaveni,
BPH on plant stems
Manasarovar, Nagarjuna, Pratibha, Remya,
Sonasali
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Physical methods
Use of physical practices refer to manipulation
of physical factors of environment such as light,
heat, temperature, humidity to reduce incidence
of pests, for example light traps are used for
mass trapping and destruction of pests by
exploiting their behaviour. Likewise, storedgrain pests are controlled through improved
storage
structures,
which
are
based
on
Light Trap
principles of air tightness, thermal insulation
and moisture proofing.
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Gram damaged by pulse beetle
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Courtesy:
www.jnkvv.nic.in
Behavioural methods: Pheromone
traps
Insect
pheromones
exploit
pest
behaviour for their management.
Pheromones
are
secreted
by
individuals of pest species to elicit a
specific
response
in
other
individuals of same species. Female
sex pheromones are used to attract
and
kill male moths and thereby
reducing pest incidence.
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Pheromone traps against gram pod borer
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Mechanical practices
Mechanical
practices involve use of
manual labour or machine to collect and
destroy
conspicuous
pest
stages
and
damaged plant parts. These are very
useful on small scale and during initial
stages of pest infestation.
Damaged brinjal fruit
Clipping of tips of rice seedlings before
transplanting, collection and
disposal of
damaged fruits of brinjal and destruction
of cabbage butterfly caterpillars reduce
pest damage.
Cluster of cabbage butterfly larvae
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Collection and destruction of ‘dead
hearts’ and ‘white-ears’ is useful in
containing stem borer infestation.
Passing of rope over the young crop is
recommended for dislodging the larval
cases of the caseworm from tillers. These
are then removed from the field by
White-ears
draining the water.
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Caseworm
cases
Courtesy: agritech.tnau.ac.in
Biological methods
Biological control refers to use of
natural
enemies of pests such as parasitoids, predators
and pathogens to suppress pest populations.
Crop ecosystems are replete with natural
enemies but these need to be conserved
against harmful effect of pesticides.
Spider: a prolific predator
Likewise, biopesticides like plant extracts or
pathogens are also used to contain pests.
Parasitoids such as Trichogramma are also
used to suppress borer pests.
NPV infected larva
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Chemicals
If pesticides have to play a significant
role in pest management, they need to
be
used
principles.
in
accordance
These
have
with
IPM
be
used
to
judiciously as last resort and not as first
option. Need for pesticide use should be
determined
through
continuous
monitoring of pests on crop. Pesticides
should only be used if pest incidence
Pesticide application
tends to approach economic threshold
level.
Properly
timed
one
pesticide
application may very well substitute for
3-4 ill timed treatments.
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Selective use of pesticides
In
case
pesticide
application
is
unavoidable, preference should be given
selective pesticides. Such pesticides are
effective against target pest
but pose
less hazard to non-target organisms such
as natural enemies of pests, pollinators
and earthworms.
Some of such pesticides are buprofezin,
which is effective against homopterans
like
planthoppers,
thuringiensis
(Bt),
neem,
Earthworms
Bacillus
nucleopolyhedrosis
virus (NPV) etc.
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Let’s Sum up
Cultural, mechanical, physical, behavioural, biological and chemical
methods constitute different components of IPM.
Routine agronomic practices with slight modification can be used to reduce
pest pressure without any extra expenditure.
Resistant varieties greatly reduce need for other control measures.
Female sex pheromones are used to attract and
kill male moths.
Mechanical practices involve collection and destruction of conspicuous pest
stages and damaged plant parts.
In biological control natural enemies of pests such as parasitoids,
predators and pathogens to suppress pest populations.
Pesticides need to be used in accordance with IPM principles.
IPM components, which are relevant to a pest species should be integrated
to formulated Ipm modules.
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