Transcript The Italian Renaissance Cultural rebirth/reawakening of Western Europe

The Italian Renaissance
Cultural rebirth/reawakening of Western Europe
Humanist Education and Literature
• Focused on secular
themes
• Accepted classical beliefs
(renew society)
– Individualism: emphasis
on dignity & individual
worth
– Human Improvement:
develop talents through
activities
– Recover ancient
manuscripts (original
sources)
Humanist Education and Literature
• Wrote in common vernacular
• Petrarch: wrote sonnets about his
lost love
• Lorenzo Valla: used textualcritical method
– Falsely Believed and Forged
Donation of Constantine
– Annotations on the New
Testament
• Machiavelli: (The Prince):
analyzed politics
Machiavellian Quotes
• If an injury has to be done to a man it
should be so severe that his vengeance
need not be feared.
• Men are so simple and so much inclined
to obey immediate needs that a deceiver
will never lack victims for his deceptions.
• Men should be either treated generously
or destroyed, because they take revenge
for slight injuries - for heavy ones they
cannot.
• Politics have no relation to morals.
Spread of Renaissance Ideas
• First throughout Italy – then
West. Europe
• Reshaped European
civilization
– Civic Humanism: service to
the republic
– Princely Ideal: study
classics to properly rule
• The Courtier – B. Castiglione
Spread of Renaissance Ideas
• City-Life (stronger in independent Italian
city-states)
– Social groups: wealth and ability replace
nobility
– Middle-class: gained wealth and power
– Peasants were still at the bottom of society
• More opportunity to leave the manor
Italian Renaissance Governments
• Florence: originally a republic; controlled by the Medici
– Medici brought in humanist ideas
– Majority of tax burden was on the upper-class
– Savanarola led a short-lived revolt against the Medici
Italian Renaissance Governments
• Rome: ruled by the pope
– Cardinals made up the wealthiest portion of the pop.
– Renaissance popes were viewed as corrupt
– Promoted projects to beautify Rome
Italian Renaissance Governments
• Venice: ruled by a doge in a republican setting
– Council of Ten helped govern/run the city
– Gained prosperity through trade
– Classical architecture; influenced by Byzantines and the
West
Renaissance Art
• Expressed own values,
emotions, attitudes
• Works were as life-like as
possible
• Devoted to religion – had
secular overtones
• Learned to give
perspective/expression
• Architecture:
– Return to classical style
(arches, domes, columns)
– Architects took credit for their
work
• Brunelleschi: the dome for the
cathedral in Florence
Renaissance Art
• Sculpture:
– Return to classical style
• Free-standing, nude
figures
– Best known sculptors:
• Donatello: first to
sculpt a nude
sculpture
• Michelangelo: began
in Florence, moved to
Rome
• Ghiberti: baptistery
doors in Cathedral of
Florence
• Painting:
Renaissance Art
– More realistic, less symbolic
(capture human emotion)
– Renaissance Painters
• Giotto: first to paint
realistically
• Massacio: first to use lighting
and perspective
• Da Vinci: “Renaissance Man”
(Mona Lisa & Last Supper)
• Michelangelo: painted the
ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel
• Raphael: most notable was
paintings of “Virgin Mary”
Northern Renaissance
• 1400s: ideas spread
throughout Western Europe
– War helped with continued
contact with others
– Da Vinci was brought to Paris
by Francis I
– Trade fostered spread of ideas
Northern Renaissance
• French Renaissance
– Blended Gothic and
Classical design
– Writers were inspired
by Petrarch
• Ronsard (sonnets);
de Montaigne
(essay); Rabelais
(comic)
Northern Humanism
• Differences in Northern Humanism
– Ideas were adapted to meet needs
– Focused on Christian writing
– Used textual-critical method to reconstruct
patristic writings
– Wanted to renew Church to 1st Century purity
Northern Humanism
• Christian Humanism (wanted
to reform the church)
– Humanist learning combined
with Bible study
– Erasmus: “Go Back to the
Sources”
• Study Greek and Hebrew
• Used biting humor to make
his point
• Translated the N.T. using
Valla’s t-c method
• Found inaccuracies in other
translations
Northern Painters
• Relied on Medieval models
rather than classical ones
• Jan & Hubert van Eyck
– Painted scenes from the Bible
– Developed the technique of oil
on canvas
English Renaissance
• Began in 1485 with Henry VII
• English Humanists were
interested in social issues
– Thomas More (Utopia):
criticized his society by
comparing it to “the ideal one”
– William Shakespeare:
• Drew on ideas from medieval
heroes & classical legends
• Wrote about universal human
qualities
The Protestant Reformation
Religious Turmoil in Europe
Quotes from Martin Luther
• “Therefore be on your guard against
the Jews, knowing that wherever they
have their synagogues, nothing is
found but a den of devils in which
sheer self-glory, conceit, lies,
blasphemy, and defaming of God and
men are practiced most maliciously …”
• “If I had to baptize a Jew, I would take
him to the bridge of the Elbe, hang a
stone around his neck and push him
over with the words ‘I baptize thee in
the name of Abraham’”
Martin Luther
• Humanist approach (learn
ancient languages)
– Influence from Jan Hus and
John Wycliffe
• Education: doctorate in
theology
• Monastic Life:
– Wanted to ensure salvation
– Struggle to know he was
“saved”
– Man needs to do the best that
is with in him
Martin Luther
• Indulgence Controversy:
– Indulgence sale was needed to
build St. Peter’s Basilica
– The Doctrine of the Treasury of
Merits
– John Tetzel: Pope Leo X’s main
salesman
Martin Luther
• Luther’s Breakthrough:
– Doctrine of sola fida
(salvation by faith alone):
• Romans 1:17 “…the JUST shall
live by FAITH”
• God gives the necessary grace
for us to have faith
• Salvation can only be given
• Good works are a product of
faith
– Consequences of sola fida:
• The Church was angered (“the
priesthood of all believers”)
• 95 Theses was posted by Luther
• The Diet of Worms
Martin Luther
• Diet of Worms:
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Luther is given 2 months to recant (Exsurge Domine)
Charles V allows Luther safe passage
Luther refused to recant and was declared an outlaw
Luther was kidnapped on his return to Wittenberg
Martin Luther
• Luther in Hiding:
– Stayed in Wartburg Castle
– Translated the N.T. into German
– Peasant Wars broke out in
response to the Edict of Worms
• Lutheran Beliefs:
– Justification by Faith alone (sola
fida)
– The Bible is the sole truth (sola
scriptura)
– All useful occupations are
vocations (callings by God)
Protestant Reformers
• Ulrich Zwingli (Zurich
theocracy):
– “salvation by faith alone”
– Clergy and magistrates received
authority from God
– Disagreed with Luther regarding
the Eucharist
– 1531: defeated by Catholics in a
war
Protestant Reformers
• John Calvin (Geneva
theocracy):
– 1536: The Institutes of
Christian Religion
• Doctrine of Predestination
– Eucharist stance (between
Luther and Zwingli)
– Calvinism contributed to the rise
of revolutionary movements
(mid-1600s – 1700s)
Radical Reformers – Anabaptists
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Allowed only adult members to be baptized
Denied the authority of local government
Refused civic duties
Lived apart from society
Michael Sattler: the Schleitheim Statement
Fanatical actions were common
– 1534: seized control of Munster,
Germany
– Lutherans and Catholics united to end
the seige
• Many fled to North America
• Anabaptist ancestors (Baptists, Amish,
Mennonites)
Church of England
• Henry VIII wanted a male heir to the
throne
– Wanted a divorce from Catherine of
Aragon
– Formed the Church of England
• married Anne Boelyn (had another
daughter)
– Married Jane Seymour – had a son
(Edward VI)
• Succession of English Throne
– Edward VI, “Bloody” Mary I, Elizabeth I
– Elizabeth made the Church Protestant
– Puritan influence in England increased
The Catholic Reformation
• 1530s – 1540s: Pope Paul III
called for reform
– Council of Trent
– The Inquisition: combat heresy
• Spreading of Catholicism:
– Ignatius of Loyola: Jesuit order of
monks/priests
– Teresa of Avila: strict orders for
Carmelite nuns
The Catholic Reformation
• Divided Europe:
– Protestant/Catholic
division
– Peace of
Augsburg
– England and the
Anglican Church
– French Huguenots
(St. Bartholomew’s
Day Massacre)