Transcript The Future at CERN R.J.Cashmore Director of Research

The Future at
CERN
R.J.Cashmore
Director of Research
CERN
The CERN Scientific Programme
2002-2010
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
7 TeV + 7 TeV
Protons
Protons
34
-2
-1
Luminosity
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Targets:
• Higgs Boson(s)
• Super-symmetric Particles
• Quark-Gluon Plasma
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• CP violation in B
Dipoles
Cable
Dipoles
Dipoles
Number of magnets
Histogram of the number of quenches to reach 8.33 Tesla
for the first 34 LHC preseries dipoles
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
01
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
02
7
03
not reached
Number of quenches to reach 8.33T
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The LHC Dashboard
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To monitor the progress of LHC
Can be accessed from the LHC project home page:
http://www.cern.ch/
Shows progress of:

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Note the Disclaimer:

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SC Cables
Dipole assembly
Progress of installation
…..
Not a contractual document
Does not engage CERN
… but we hope it will increase transparency of the process
Inauguration of the ATLAS cavern
by Mr. Pascal Couchepin, President
of the Swiss Confederation, on
4th June 2003
The installation of the main cavern (UX15)
infrastructure has started
CMS, Point 5
•
Some cracks have appeared in the shaft of
the CMS service cavern. This is considered
to be “normal”, but must be repaired.
Service gallery shaft
Main cavern shaft
LHC Experiments
ATLAS, CMS:
- Higgs boson(s)
- SUSY particles
- …??
ALICE:
Quark Gluon Plasma
LHC-B:
-CP violation in B
TOTEM:
-Total cross-section
MOEDAL:
-Monopole search
CMS
Experiment Summary

All 4 major experiments will be installed and
commisioning in 2006
Ready for beam April 2007

Any funding shortfalls … staging(eg. DAQ,…)
 High
Luminosity will require further additions
(eg. pixels,chambers,shielding,etc)
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Initial Operation
First Beams injected into LHC
 First Collisions

April 2007
~June 2007
First 4 months ….single beam,75 and then
25 nsec spacing,low luminosity L~5x10**32
 A shutdown(?)
 Long run … L~10**33 ….. 5-10 fb-1

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Physics at Startup
SUSY will be found quickly ! Example Discovery Reach (5s): ATLAS +CMS
ATLAS +CMS
10fb-1 per expt.
At L0=1033 cm-2s-1:1 month ~ 0.7
fb-1
At L0= 3.1033 cm-2s-1:1 month ~ 2
fb-1
3 months (80 fills)
@ L0=1033 cm-2s-1
115 GeV
Assumptions:14hr run and 10hr to refill i.e. 1 fill/day,tL ~ 20 hr, Efficiency of 2/3
Level 3 – Farm of commodity CPU
100 Hz (100 MB/sec)
Digital telephone: 1 -2 KB/sec
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Complex Data = More CPU Per Byte
Estimated CPU Capacity required at CERN
Moore’s law –
4,000
some measure of
the capacity
technology
advances provide
for a constant
number of
processors or
investment
LHC
3,000
2,000
Other
experiments
Jan 2000:
3.5K SI95
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
0
1998
1,000
[email protected]
K SI95
5,000
Five Emerging Models of Networked Computing
From …… The Grid
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Distributed Computing
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High-Throughput
Computing
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|| dynamic resources
Data-Intensive Computing
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|| asynchronous processing
On-Demand Computing
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|| synchronous processing
|| databases
Collaborative Computing

|| scientists
Related Grid
projects
Through links with sister projects, there is the
potential for a truely global scientific applications grid
Demonstrated at IST2002 and SC2002 in November
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LHC Computing
The LCG Project

Phase 1
 R&D

– 2002-2005
Phase 2
 Installation
24-May-16
& commissioning of the
initial LHC service
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Grid Deployment - LCG1
LCG-1 Service

Certification and distribution process established and tested
at ten sites
Middleware package under test – components from
European DataGrid (EDG) and the US grid projects toolkit
(VDT)
Agreement reached on initial principles for registration and
security
RAL to provide the initial grid operations centre
FZK to provide the call centre

Target date for opening the service – ~ end July
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LCG-0 Deployment Status
Site
Scheduled Status
0
CERN
15/2/03
Done
1
CNAF
28/2/03
Done
2
RAL
28/2/03
Done
3
FNAL
30/3/03
Done
4
Taipei
15/4/03
Done
5
FZK
30/4/03
Done
6
IN2P3
7/5/03
In prep. ??
7
BNL
15/5/03
Done ?
8
Russia (Moscow)
21/5/03
In prep.
9
Tokyo
21/5/03
Done
Tier 1
Tier 2
EGEE vision
Enabling Grids for E-science in Europe
(proposal submitted to EU, FP6 I3, in May 2003)

Goal
Create
a general European Grid production quality
infrastructure on top of present and future EU RN
infrastructure

Applications
Build on
EU
and EU member states major investment in Grid
Technology
International connections (US and AP)
Several pioneering prototype results
Larg Grid development team
Goal can be achieved for about €100m/4 years on top of the
national and regional initiatives

Approach
Leverage
current and planned national and regional Grid
programmes (e.g. LCG)
Work closely with relevant industrial Grid developers, NRNs
and US-AP projects
EGEE
Geant network
P+M budget 2003-2010, by programme (in %)
LHC Machine & Areas
39.3%
Accelerators & Areas
11.4% (LHC 5.1%)
Infrastructure and Services
26.8% (LHC 20.4%)
LHC Detectors
11.0%
Technology Development
1.8% (LHC 0.2%)
Non-LHC Physics
General Scientific Support
0.7%
9.0% (LHC 5.1%)
Allocated Resources to the
LHC programme:
•Direct
50.0%
•Indirect
30.5%
Summary

LHC Project is moving rapidly ahead

Machine,Experiments, and Computing
on schedule for
APRIL 2007
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Physics will flow rapidly afterwards
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The CNGS
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Junction to Target Chamber TCC4
Service Gallery TSG4
Ventilation chamber, 14 April 2003
Proton Beam Tunnel, 14 April 2003
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The Future at CERN
 Upgrading
the LHC
 The
SPL
 Linear Colliders
 CLIC
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Upgrading the LHC
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Date for first beams/collisions:
 Spring 2007
Initial physics run starts in summer/fall 2007
 collect ~10 fb-1 /exp (2.1033cm-2 s-1) by end 2008
Depending on the evolution of the machine…
 collect 200-300 fb-1 /exp (3.4-10.1033cm-2 s-1 ) in 5-6 years time
Already time to think of upgrading the machine
Two options presently discussed/studied
Higher luminosity ~1035cm-2 s-1 (SLHC)
 Needs changes in machine and and particularly in the detectors
 Start change to SLHC mode some time 2012-2014
 Collect ~3000 fb-1/experiment in 3-4 years data taking.
Higher energy?
 LHC can reach s = 15 TeV with present magnets (9T field)
 s of 28 (25) TeV needs ~17 (15) T magnets  R&D needed!
Machine
626
Upgrade in 3 main Phases:
• Phase 0 – maximum performance without hardware changes
Only IP1/IP5, Nb to beam beam limit L = 2.31034 cm-2 s-1
• Phase 1 – maximum performance while keeping LHC arcs unchanged
Luminosity upgrade (*=0.25m,#bunches,...) L = 5-101034 cm-2 s-1
• Phase 2 – maximum performance with major hardware changes to the
LHC
Energy (luminosity) upgrade  Ebeam = 12.5 TeV
Machine upgrade
Latest parameter
set:
F. Ruggiero et al.
PAC2003 report
May 2003
A luminosity of
1035cm-2 s-1
seems possible
(*) Superbunch: 1 bunch of 75 m (rms) in each ring
Good for electron cloud effects/bad for experiments: 50000 events/25 ns slice
+ Talks by F. Gianotti, D. Green and F. Ruggiero
at the ICFA Seminar (Oct 2002)
Detectors: General Considerations
LHC
s
L
Bunch spacing t
spp (inelastic)
N. interactions/x-ing
(N=L spp t)
dNch/d per x-ing
<ET> charg. particles
Tracker occupancy
Pile-up noise in calo
Dose central region
14 TeV
1034
25 ns
SLHC
14 TeV
1035
12.5/25 ns
~ 80 mb
~ 20
~ 80 mb
~ 100/200
~ 150
~ 450 MeV
~ 750/1500
~ 450 MeV
1
1
1
5/10
~3
10
Normalised to LHC values.
104 Gy/year R=25 cm
In a cone of radius = 0.5 there is ET ~ 80GeV.
This will make low Et jet triggering and reconstruction difficult.
Indicative Physics Reach
Fabiola Gianotti: ICFA Seminar
Units are TeV (except WLWL reach)
Ldt correspond to 1 year of running at nominal luminosity for 1 experiment
PROCESS
Squarks
WLWL
Z’
Extra-dim (=2)
q*
 compositeness
LHC
14 TeV
100 fb-1
2.5
2s
5
9
6.5
30
SLHC
14 TeV
1000 fb-1
3
4s
6
12
7.5
40
28 TeV
100 fb-1
VLHC
40 TeV
100 fb-1
4
4.5s
8
15
9.5
40
5
7s
11
25
13
50
VLHC
200 TeV
100 fb-1
20
18s
35
65
75
100
LC
0.8 TeV
500 fb-1
0.4
8†
5-8.5†
0.8
100
† indirect reach
Approximate mass reach of pp machines:
(from precision measurements) s = 14 TeV, L=1034 (LHC)
: up to  6.5 TeV
s = 14 TeV, L=1035 (SLHC)
s = 28 TeV, L=1034
s = 40 TeV, L=1034
s = 200 TeV, L=1034 (VLHC)
:
:
:
:
up to  8 TeV
up to  10 TeV
up to  13 TeV
up to  75 TeV
LC
5 TeV
1000 fb-1
2.5
90s
30†
30-55†
5
400
Upgrade Conclusions
LHC luminosity upgrade can extend:
• physics reach of LHC at a moderate extra cost relative to initial LHC
investment
and hence
• the LHC ‘lifetime’
To realise this reach, the LHC detectors must preserve performance:
trackers must be rebuilt, and
calorimeters, muon systems, triggers and DAQ need development.
Upgrades programme, from launch to data taking will take 8-10 years
The time to start is soon …. An R&D programme will be essential
Superconducting Proton Linac
The SPL
 Performance
upgrade of CERN
Accelerator Complex
(with a much higher beam brightness)
 Second
Generation Radio-active
Ion Beam Facility
(with 1000 times the present beam power)
The beam from a
single SPL can be
time-shared and
satisfy
quasi-simultaneously
all these needs
 Neutrino physics
(with 10 times the beam power foreseen )
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SPL on the CERN site
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SPL lay-out
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SPL design parameters
45 keV
3 MeV
6m
-
H
120 MeV
64 m
40MeV
2.2 GeV
584 m
237MeV 383MeV
RFQ chopping DTL
RFQ1 chop.
CCDTL
RFQ2 
RFQ1
0.52 chop.
 0.7RFQ2  0.8
Source Low Energy section
DTL
Superconducting section
H2.2
13
14.0
4
50
2.80
61.6
22.7
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
Debunching
Stretching and
collimation line
668 m
Ion species
Kinetic energy
Mean current during the pulse
Duty cycle
Mean beam power
Pulse frequency
Pulse duration
Duty cycle during the beam pulse
Maximum bunch current
Bunch length (total)
Energy spread (total)
Normalised rms horizontal emittance
Normalised rms vertical emittance
Longitudinal rms emittance (352 MHz)
dump
GeV
PS / Isolde
mA
% Accumulator Ring
MW
Hz
ms
%
mA
ns
MeV
 mm mrad
 mm mrad
 deg MeV
To be compressed with the
Accumulator and
Compressor rings into
140 bunches, 3 ns long,
forming a burst of 3.3 ms
Improved initial injector design
 Source(H-
 120/180
ions, RFQ)
Mev Linac (warm)
Major Asset
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CERN and the e+eInternational Linear Collider
ECFA Working Group recommendations
(summer 2001)

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“… the allocation of all necessary resources to fully exploit
this unique and pioneering facility.” (i.e. the LHC)
“… continued support for ongoing experiments. They
promise significant scientific results, provide an optimal
physics return on previous investment, and are vital for the
education of young physicists.”
“…the realisation, in as timely a fashion as possible, of a
world-wide collaboration to construct a high-luminosity
e+e- linear collider with an energy range up to at least 400
GeV as the next accelerator project in particle physics. The
Working Group urges the appropriate bodies to make
decisions concerning the chosen technology and the
construction site for such a machine soon. “
ECFA (cont’d)
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
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“… an improved educational programme in the field of
accelerator physics and increased support for accelerator R&D
activity in European universities, national facilities and CERN.”
“… A coordinated collaborative R&D effort to determine the
feasibility and practical design of a neutrino factory based on a
high-intensity muon storage ring. “
“… a coordinated world-wide R&D effort to assess the
feasibility and estimate the cost of a CLIC, a VLHC, and a muon
collider. In particular, R&D for CLIC is well advanced and
should be vigorously pursued. “
“The central role of CERN in Europe must continue and will be
essential as the fulcrum of the long-term future of particle
physics. The Working Group considers it essential that,
through CERN, Europe should be able to play a key role in the
exploration of the multi-TeV horizon that will open in the postLHC era.”
Issues discussed by
Committee of Council
in March 2003




The way Council and CERN could participate in
the discussion with Funding Agencies;
The extent of the collaboration that CERN may
provide to the LC, should the LC project be
approved;
The resources made available to CERN for this
collaboration and the forms of coordination
deemed necessary with other European
accelerator laboratories;
The way such collaboration can be made
compatible with the construction and full
exploitation of the LHC and with the future of
CERN.
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CC conclusions
 CERN
Council, given its mission,
composition and authority, should play a
major role in the definition of the
European participation to the LC;
 Given appropriate resources, CERN is
prepared to participate in any of the
present LC projects.
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Overall Layout of the CLIC complex at Etot= 3 TeV
Luminosity = 1034 - 1036 cm-2 sec-1
Total Length = 39 km
Generic layout of CTF3
CTF3 - Test of Drive Beam Generation, Acceleration & RF Multiplication by a factor 10
~ 50 m
Drive Beam
Injector
3.5 A - 2100 b of 2.33 nC
150 MeV - 1.4 ms
10 Modulators/Klystrons
3 GHz - 30 MW - 6.7 ms
X2
Delay
42 m
Drive Beam Accelerator
16 Accelerating Structures
3 GHz -7.0 MV/m - 1.3 m
High Power
30 GHzTest Stand
130 MeV
30 GHz - 150 MV/m - 140 ns
Main Beam
Injector
Drive/Main Beam
Modules
280 MeV
X5
Combiner Ring
84 m
100 MeV
35 A - 150 MeV
140 ns
CTF3 Collaborations and Schedule
LAL:
gun, HV deck
pre-bunchers
CLIO-type gun for prel. phases delivered
INFN Frascati:
transfer lines, bunch lengthening chicane
Delay Loop layout and hardware
RF deflectors
Fast kickers
SLAC:
triode assembly
Injector optics and layout
RAL and Strathclyde University:
Laser for Photo-Injector option
Uppsala University:
mm wave detector for beam diagnostics
participation in commissioning
New injector
April 03
Delay Loop
April 05
Full Drive Beam Acc. Test stand
June 04
April 04
CLIC Ex. Facility
2006/2007
≈140 m
Combiner Ring
April 06
Compact Linear Collider studies@ CTF3
Average Accelerating field (MV/m)
160
140
120
100
80
60
3.5 mm tungsten iris
3.5 mm tungsten iris after ventilation
3.5 mm copper structure
3.5 mm molybdenum structure
CLIC design gradient
40
20
0
0
0.5
1
Nov 28, 2002
Average gradient 150 MV/m
1.5
No. of shots
2
2.5
3
x 10
(= 1.5 TeV/10km!)
6
Loaded accelerating gradients vs. RF frequency
LC designs
Fig. 1. Loadedpresent
accelerating gradients
vs. radio-frequency of the different
LC designs. The number in the label is the c.m. energy in GeV.
1000
gradient (MV/m)
100 MV/m= 1 TeV/10km
CLIC 500/3000
100
JLC-X/NLC 500/1000
TESLA 800
JLC-C 500
TESLA 500
frequency (GHz)
10
1
10
100
CLIC STABILITY STUDY
R. Assmann, W. Coosemans, G. Guignard, N. Leros, S.
Redaelli, W. Schnell, D. Schulte, I. Wilson, F. Zimmermann
Latest stabilization technology applied to the accelerator field
Stabilizing quadrupoles to the
0.5 nm level!
(up to 10 times better than supporting ground, above 4 Hz)
CERN has now one of the most stable places on earth’s surface!
Benchmarking
MSSM s
compatible
with
Cosmological
Dark Matter
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CERN and Linear Colliders
.Given Resources from the MS
CERN will participate in a GLC
. Current CLIC R&D aims to ensure
a viable technology is available
for the multi-Tev region
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Summary

•
•
•
LHC dominates the immediate future of
CERN and particle physics
There are LHC upgrades
Given resources CERN will participate in a
Global Linear Collider
CERN and collaborators will pursue CLIC
tecnology for the Multi-Tev region
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