Transcript Document 7473303

Specimen taken from feverish patient
what is diagnosis
1.Falcipram gametocyte
Banana shape P.f gametocytes
 Vector:
female Anopheles mosquito
 Mode of infection:
injection of sporozoite during
Anopheles bite.
Plasmodium ring stage
2.Plasmodium ring stage
 Diagnosis:
blood film (thin and thick)
 Vector:
female Anopheles
 Infective stage:
Sporozoite
3.Trichomonas vaginalis
 Diagnosis:
vaginal, urethral smear,
occasionally in urine analysis
 Trophozoite is the infective
stage.
 transmitted sexually.
4. Eggs of Taenia species
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-T.saginata
-T. solium
-Echinoccus granulosus
5.Taenia saginata (adult tape)
Diagnosis: stool examination for
- eggs
- gravid segments.
 Infective stage :
cysticercus bovis-in under cooked meat
(beef).
 Adult habitat small intestine

6.Soft tick
1.
2.
Relapsing fever (endemic).
Tick paralysis
7.Hard tick
 Rocky
mountain spotted fever
 Q fever
 Babesiosis
Immature egg
8.Adult Fasciola hepatica
 Diagnosis :egg in
-stools examination
-duodenal aspirate.
 Infective stage :
encysted metacercaria
(on water plants).
 Habitat : biliary passage in liver.
9-FemaleTrichuris trichiura
(whip worm)
 Diagnosis
:
egg in stools
 Infective stage, mode of
infection: ingestion of
embryonated egg in soil.
Scotch tape preparation
Clear adhensive tape slide
Scotch tape preparation
Clear adhensive tape slide
 Used
in detection of
Enterobius vermicularis
infection
 Collect eggs from perianal
area
10.Enterobius vermicularis egg
(Pin worm,Oxyuris worm)
 Diagnosis:
Scotch tape preparation to
collect eggs from perianal
area and microscopical
examination.
11.Schistosoma haematobium egg
(Urinary schistosomiasis)
 Diagnosis:
- Urine analysis
- Serology in chronic cases.
 Infective stage :cercaria in water
penetrate skin.
 Pathology
: periportal fibrosis. ppf
12. Schistosoma mansoni egg
in stools specimen
(intestinal schistosomiasis)
 Other methods of diagnosis :
- rectal swab .
- rectal snip biopsy.
- serology: to detect antibodies
in patient serum.
 13.Leishmania
donovani
bodies in smear
(skin,B.M,spleen) (amastigotes)
 Vector : sand fly .
 Infective stage: promastigote.
 for diagnosis of leishmaniasis
Culture smear amastigotes from
(skin ,BM, spleen) on NNN media
grow and multiply in promastigote
form.
14. Fleas
 Medical
importance:
- Plague (Yerisinia pestis).
- Murine (endemic )Typhus.
-Tunga penetrance
(chigger`s disease)
Jigger`s
15.Echinococcus granulosus
adult
 Dog
cestode
 Dog take infection after eating
hydatid cyst (from infected
animals).
 Man get hydatid disease by
ingestion of egg from infected
dog.
16.Pediculus humanus
(head and body lice)

Medical importance:
- Epidemic typhus
- Trench fever
- Epidemic relapsing fever
- Pediculosis
Diagnosis
:
nits visible by naked eye,
and fluoresce under UV
light (wood's lamp for
screening).
-
8-Phthirus pubis
•Smaller than pediculus;
about 2mm.
Infest:
•pubic hair mainly
•eye lashes.
• Transmitted by direct
contact with infected
person or clothes ,it is
irritant.
•No disease transmission
17. Trichuris trichiura egg
 Diagnosis
: egg in stools .
 Infective stage :
embryonated egg.
18. Musca demostica
Egg—larvae–- pupa--- adult.
House fly developmental stage
(Life cycle)
 Medical
importance
mechanical transmation of
virus, bacterial and parasitic
diseases.
19. Hydatid cyst in liver
* diagnosis can confirmed
by:
 1 - examination of hydatid fluid
after surgical removal.
 2 - serology.
* Infective stage:
ingestion of Echinococcus egg
(dog cestod).
20-Taenia (tape worm)
 T.saginata
--cysticercus bovis
in beef.
 T.solium--cysticercus cellulose
in pig.
 Diagnosis
----eggs or gravid
segment in stools.
21. Ascaris lumbricoid adult
 Diagnosis
: eggs in stools
(sometime adult)
 Infection : ingestion of
embryonated egg.
(soil transmitted disease)
 Habitat : small intestine.
22 .Ascaris lumbricoid
Diagnosis :eggs in stools
 Infective stage: embryonated egg.

23 . N N N media
 used
in culture of Leishmania
bodies (amastigote)
 to diagnose leishmaniasis (visceral
& cutaneous).
 Amastigotes in smear or aspirate
culture
promastigotes.
24. Fasciola hepatica egg
 diagnosis: finding egg by:
-stools examination
-duodenal aspirate
 infective stage:
encysted metacercaria
 Adult habitat:
biliary passage (liver)
25 . Mosquitoe life cycle
Egg—larvae–- pupa--- adult.
Medical importance.
 Anopheles:
vector of malaria and filaria.
 Culex
: vector of filaria and
viruses.
 Aedes :(viruses) yellow fever, dengue
and rift valley fever.
26. Cyclops
 Vector
for transmission of
Madina worm
Dracunculus medinesis
Diarrheal Stool smear what is
organisms , how it can be diagnosed ?
27-
Diagnosis
-Stool
examination daily for
three days for cyst or
trophozoites .
-duodenal aspirate
examination, or by string
(enterotest)
Feature of human intestinal
nematodes
 Adult live in intestinal tract.
 Female are oviparous, i.e. lay eggs.
 Humans are host of major intestinal
nematodes of
medical importance.
 Most species are spread by fecal
pollution of soil.
soil transmitted disease
 larvae
(free or in egg) develops to
its infective stage in soil.
 Infection by
 - swallowing of infective eggs .
(A.lumbricoides ,T.trichiura,
E.vermicularis )
 - or penetration of skin by
infective larvae (Hook worms ,
S.stercoralis) Larvae of
A.lumbricoid , S.stercoralis and
Hookworms (undergo heart to lung
migration).
 filariform
larvae is infective
stage of S.stercoralis and
Hookworm by penetration of
skin.

Rabditiform larvae is used to
describe larvae that hatch
from egg in intestine
(S.stercoralis ) or in
soil in (hook worms) .

Laboratory confirmation:
A.lumbricoid, T.trichiura, and
Hookworms is by finding eggs in
feces and with S.stercoralis by
finding larvae in stool.
 E.vermicularis by scotch tape
from skin around anus.
 Some time worms of
A.lumbricodis and E.vermicularis
can be recovered in stool.
Feature of intestinal and tissue
protozoa:
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Entamoeba histolytica, G.lamblia are motile
organisms that multiply and encyst in intestinal
tract. they form cyst which excreted in faces.
Invasive strains of
E histolytica multiply in intestinal wall.
Cryptospordium multiply intracellular in cells. It
produces oocysts which are excreted in feces.
T.gondii muliply intracelluler in reticuloendothelial
cell and cell of brain and other organs of body.
T.vaginalis is motile and multiplies in the urogenital
tract cyst forms are unknown.
Infection is by ingesting


cysts (E.histolytica, G.lamblia) or
oocyst (Cryptosporidium,T.gondii)
in food,water,or from hands contaminated
with infected feces.
T.gondii can also be transmitted
congenitally and by ingesting the parasites
in under-cooked meat of intermediate
hosts.
T.vaginalis is transmitted sexually (no cyst).
Humans are important hosts of E.
histolytica, G.lamblia and T.vaginalis.
Animal are natural definitive hosts of
Cryptosporidium and T.gondii .
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Laboratory confirmation of E.histolytica
infection is by finding amoebae or cysts in
feces or by detecting antibodies in serum
(invasive amoebiasis)
Giardiasis diagnosed by finding motile
flagellates or cysts in feces or flagellates
in duodenal aspirates.
Infection with Cryptosporidium is diagnosed
by finding oocyst in feces
Toxoplasmosis is usually diagnosed
serologically.
T. vaginalis infection is usually confirmed
by detecting flagellates in vaginal or
uretheral discharge or urine
 Pyrexia
is not caused by:
1.Fascioliasis
2.Toxoplamosis
3.Oxyuriasis
4.Kala-azar
The following parasites cause
fever except:
1. Trichinella spiralis
2. Naegleria fowleri
3. Hymenolepis nana
4. Plasmodium vivax.
Infection with Giardia lamblia
is through:
1. Ingestion of trophozoite
stage
2. Ingestion of cyst stage
3. Ingestion of oocyste
4. Ingestion of eggs
Parasite causing duodenites
is:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica
Toxoplasma
Acanthamoeba
There is lymphadenopathy in
following infection EXCEPT
1. African trypanosomiasis
2. Toxoplasmosis
3. Schitosomiasis
4. Kala-azar
Splenomegaly not caused
by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Schistosomaiasis
Malaria
Ascariasis
Kala-azar
The following diseases occur as
zoonoses:
1. Fasciolasis
hydatid disease
3. Toxoplasmosis
4. African trypanosomiasis
5. Cryptospordium
6. Plasmodium vivax
7. Leishmania major
2.
For treatment of clinical
attack of malaria we can use
1.
2.
3.
4.
4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine)
Pentavalent antimonials
8-aminoquinoline (primaquine)
All of above
For treatment of clinical
relapse of P.vivax we can use
1. 4-aminoquinolines
2. Pentavalent antimonials
3. 8-aminoquinoline
4. All of above
Duodenal aspirate is a good
specimen for diagnosis of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Taeniasis
Giardiasis
Amoebic dysentery
Cysticercosis
hydatidosis
Diagnosis by duodenal aspirate
 Strongyloides
stercoralis
 Fasciolasis
 Cryptospordium
 Giardia
pavarum.
lamblia
( enterotest)
Regarding Hymenolepis nana
1.
2.
3.
4.
Diagnosed by finding eggs in
stools
Dwarf tapeworm
Autoinfection can occur.
Cattle act as intermediate
host
The following parasite is not
transmitted by direct contact
with infected person
autoinfection :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Enterobius vermicularis.
Trichella spiralis.
Hymenolepis nana.
Giardia lamblia.
Entamoeba histolytica.
Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei).
Splenomegaly is characteristic
feature of one of following
parasitic diseases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Taeniasis
malaria
Scabies
Myiasis
Oriental sore.
Laboratory diagnosis of
scabies is best done by
1.Serology
2.Blood
examination
3.Skin scraping
4.Rectal biopsy
5.Faecal examination.
Skin myiasis is due to invesion of
skin by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sarcoptes scabiei
Trematodes cercaria
Lice
Fly larvae

1.
2.
3.
4.
The following correct regarding
scabies
Transmitted by direct contact
with infected person.
Caused by mites
Affects skin
Diagnosed by stools examination
the following parasitic
infection are water borne
diseases except
taenia saginata
2. madina worm
3. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (Naegleria fowleri)
4. Schistosoma
5. Cryptospordium.
1.
Acanthamoeba species cause
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chronic primary
meningoencephalitis.
Keratitis with blindness. contact
lense
Granuloma of internal organs and
skin.
All of above.
Non of above.
Following diseases transmitted
by an arthropod vector:
1.
2.
3.
4.
malaria
Schistosomiasis
cystocercosis
Hydatid cyst.