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HOLT
World History
CHAPTER 16
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1: The Scientific Revolution
Section 2: The Foundations of European Exploration
Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Scientific Revolution
Objectives:
Identify the factors that contributed to the
Scientific Revolution.
Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
challenged traditional thought.
Describe some of the important scientific
discoveries of this period.
2
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Scientific Revolution
From Magic to Science
Roger Bacon – favored a system of scientific
experimentation
Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation,
and discovery
3
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Scientific Revolution
The New Study of Nature
Scientists formed conclusions based on observation
New tools and instruments to observe and measure
4
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Scientific Revolution
Astronomy, Physics, and Anatomy
Copernicus – heliocentric theory
Kepler and Galileo – proved Copernicus’
theory and invented telescope
Newton – laws of motion and gravitation
Vesalius and Harvey – studied anatomy and
circulation
5
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Scientific Revolution
The Triumph of the New Science
Descartes – “I think, therefore I am.”
Francis Bacon
Other scientific discoveries – calculus,
microscope, chemistry
6
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of European Exploration
Objectives:
Identify technological advances that made
European exploration possible.
Describe the effect of the Commercial Revolution.
Explain the role mercantilism played in the
colonies.
7
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of European Exploration
Improvements in Technology
Mapmaking
Navigation – development of compass
New ships – traveled farther, faster, and under
greater variety of weather conditions
8
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of European Exploration
Economic Changes
Commercial Revolution – standardization of
money encouraged international trade and banking
9
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of European Exploration
Mercantilism
Balance of trade – to increase country’s wealth;
tariffs, subsidies
The role of colonies – colonies were not allowed
to manufacture or import goods
10
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of European Exploration
Social Change
Curiosity and spirit of discovery
Hope of wealth or better way of life
Escape religious persecution or spread religion
11
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Objectives:
Describe what the early Portuguese explorers
accomplished.
Discuss how the voyages of Christopher
Columbus influenced the world.
Explain why the Atlantic slave trade prospered.
12
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Portugal’s First Explorers
Africa – slave, gold, ivory trade
Dias and Vasco da Gama – overseas trade route
to India and East Indies
13
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Christopher Columbus
Landed at San Salvadore
14
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
The Impact of Columbus’ Voyages
Columbian Exchange – American foods were
introduced in Europe; Spanish brought horses
to the Americas; smallpox and other diseases
15
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Dividing the New Lands
Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain took most of Central
and South America and Philippines; Portugal
claimed lands in Africa, Asia, and East Indies
16
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Vespucci, Balboa, and Magellan
Vespucci – explored America
Balboa – South Sea
Magellan – Pacific Ocean; proved that the western
lands were a New World, not a part of Asia
17
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Portuguese Expansion
Conquered lands in East Indies – allowed
Portuguese to control others’ access to Asian
goods and markets
18
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
The Slave Trade
Triangular trade – merchants shipped goods to
Africa, slaves were sent to the Americas,
merchants sent products to Europe
African kingdoms and slavery – not all African
kingdoms participated in slave trade, some
native populations in Africa were depleted
19
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
The Portuguese Empire Weakens
Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain
expansion and colonization
20
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Objectives:
Describe how Spain extended its power
abroad and at home.
Explain why the Dutch were successful in
the 1600s.
Analyze why the Spanish Empire declined.
21
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Spain’s Colonial Empire
Conquests – Cortés conquered Tenochtitlán and
built Mexico City in its place
Colonial government and society – horses, guns,
disease weakened native Aztec populations; Spain
grew wealthy
22
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Spain’s Colonial Rivals
French, Dutch, and English wanted a share of
Spain’s wealth and lands
23
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor – had conflicting demands
between being king of Spain, supporting German
aims, and defending Christian Europe
Divided lands among members of his family
24
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Philip II
King of Spain – controlled every facet of
government, directed Spanish Inquisition
25
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
The Rise of the Dutch
The Netherlands break from Spain – practiced guerrilla
warfare; northern provinces declared independence
from Spain
Dutch society – seafaring people, religious tolerance,
lively cultural center
The Dutch colonial empire – trade was controlled by
Dutch East India Company; did not force their own
culture or religious beliefs on other societies
26
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
The Spanish Empire Declines
Growing population
Increased costs and shortage of food, clothing,
and housing
Expulsion of Jews and Moriscos – many skilled
bankers, business people, commercial leaders
and artisans
Flow of money out of Spain
27
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON