Quick Grad Review

Social Studies AHSGEE

Graduation Remediation

Pre-Colonial and Colonial Eras

Renaissance

• Means “rebirth” • Began in 14 th century Italy • Period of great cultural and social change • Asked people to question the teaching of the Catholic church

Reformation

• Began with Martin Luther • Sought to reform the Catholic church • Catholic church persecuted reforms • Reformers broke away from the Catholic church • Many moved to new world for religious freedom

Columbian Exchange

• Voyage of Christopher Columbus -set out to find new route to Asia in 1492 • Columbus’s voyage marked beginning of European colonization of Americas • Led to a mixing of native cultures with European cultures • Diseases brought by Europeans cause the death of many native people

conquistadors

“Spanish explorers” Ponce de Leon -searched for Fountain of Youth in Florida • Corte

z

-defeated A

z

tecs in Mexico • Pizarro - conquered Incas in Peru • De Soto - searched for gold in Alabama and American southeast • Coronado Gold” searched for “Seven Cities of

Jamestown

• First successful English settlement in New World • Founded by Virginia company, a

joint-stock company

(a private company which sells shares to investors in hopes of making a profit)

**Mayflower Compact**

• guaranteed just and equal laws for all; adult males made laws

**House of Burgesses**

• 1 st representative assembly in America • Model for present day Congress and how to create a democratic government

**Mercantilism**

• An economic system where a nation’s power is measured in gold reserves • Country exports more than it imports • Creates a “favorable balance of trade”

The American Revolution and the War of 1812

Graduation remediation

Monopoly

• A market with one supplier • England wanted a monopoly in the colonies • Passed Navigation Acts trade.

to restrict colonial

**French and Indian War**

• Also known as Seven Years’ War • Britain vs. France • Fighting over control of the Ohio River Valley • France lost all lands east of the Mississippi River

**Stamp Act**

• Tax on all paper items like legal documents, newspapers, playing cards • 1 st direct tax placed on colonists, not on trade • Also called an internal tax

**Sons of Liberty**

• Founded by Samuel Adams to protest Stamp Act • Stamp act was repealed • Act was replace by the Townsend Act (tax on glass, paper, lead)

Boston Massacre

• Incident happened outside a Boston Custom House over taxes • Only 5 people killed

**Patrick Henry**

• “give me liberty or give me death”

**Paul Revere**

“The British are coming.”

**Declaration of Independence**

• Written by Thomas Jefferson • Signed July 4, 1776 • Principles: – All men are created equal – All people have certain unalienable rights – Govt. exists by consent of governed – Govt. must be changed if unjust

Major battle of American Revolution • Battles of Lexington and Concord -1 st battles of war • Battle of Saratoga –after this battle, French will be American ally • Battle of Yorktown last battle of revolution, British will surrender

Valley Forge

• Place where Washington trained his troops • Very bad conditions; they almost starved

Treaty of Paris 1783

• Treaty to end American Revolution • Britain recognized independent U.S.

• set boundaries of new nation (north, Canada; south, Spanish Florida; west, Mississippi River; east, Atlantic Ocean)

Causes of War of 1812

Impressment –took sailors from United States’ ships and force them to serve in British or French navy Embargo - prohibiting the entry or departure of ships British encouragement of Native Americans to attack U. S.

War hawks , western politicians, encourage war.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Battles of War of 1812

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend • Battle of Fort McHenry –Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key during this battle • Battle of New Orleans – took place after war had ended; made Andrew Jackson a war hero

The United States Government

Foundations of the United States Government • •

John Locke

–government should get its power from the people it governs “natural rights”

Rousseau

–Wrote

The Social Contract

; there should be an agreement between the people and the government that limits the rights and duties of each •

Montesquieu

-believed there should be three branches of government so that one did not gain too much power •

Great Awakening

– religious revival of Christianity in America; contributed to nationalism • House of Burgesses – first representative assembly

Articles of Confederation

• 1 st United States constitution • Didn’t work! Eventually rewritten

Problems with Articles of Confederation

•a legislative branch only (no executive, no judicial) •Congress could not collect taxes •Congress could not enforce its powers •Each state had one vote in Congress, regardless of size

Constitutional Convention

• met to rewrite the constitution

The Great Compromise

• Divided Congress into a bicameral (two-house) legislature • Senate –every state gets two votes • House of Representatives –representation based on population

***federalism***

• Shared power between state and national government

Three branches of government

• Legislative =makes laws (Congress) • Executive =enforces laws (President and Vice-President) • judicial =interprets laws (court system)

Elastic Clause

• Gives Congress power to pass laws that are “necessary and proper” to do its jobs • Give Congress right to stretch its powers to include things that are not directly stated • Sometimes called “implied powers”

Bill of Rights • 1 st ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution • Insured basic rights and freedoms of citizens

Important Amendments

• 13 th Amendment -abolished slavery • 14 th Amendment all people –civil rights guaranteed to • 15 th Amendment –black males get vote • 19 th Amendment vote) –women suffrage (right to

John Marshall

**if they ask anything about a Supreme Court justice, pick John Marshall. He is the only one that is ever on the

**Marbury vs. Madison**

• Supreme court case that established * judicial review*, the right of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

Growth of a Nation

**Louisiana Purchase** • Doubled the size of the United States • Purchased by Thomas Jefferson • Territory explored by Lewis and Clark • Lewis and Clark led by Indian named Sacajawea

**Alabama became state in 1819.

• Admitted as a slave state • Followed Jacksonian Democracy = all white men could vote whether or not they owned property.

**Monroe Doctrine** • U. S. would remain neutral on European affairs • U. S. would oppose any intervention in North America by European countries= we would see it as an act of hostility

American System • Proposed by Henry Clay • Plan was to make the U. S. independent by: – Protective tariff = taxes on imports – Internal improvements =build road, canals, bridges – National bank =issue paper money

**Andrew Jackson as President** • Presidency known as Jacksonian Democracy – all white men could voted whether or not they owned property • Known as “common man’s president” • Spoils system – began plan to put friends and supporters in power once elected

**Trail of Tears**

• Andrew Jackson refused to enforce a Supreme Court case to stop the Indian Removal Act.

• Cherokee Indians were forced to walk from Georgia to Oklahoma to live on reservations • ¼ of all the Cherokee died

• Oregon Trail Trails leading West – route to Pacific Ocean • Mormon Trail –taken by religious group to Utah • California Trail • Sante Fe Trail – taken by prospectors looking for gold – established to trade with Mexico

**Manifest Destiny** • Belief that it was God’s will for the U.S. to expand and posses the entire continent.

Temperance Movement

• Movement to stop the sell of alcohol • Maine was the first state to pass law forbidding alcohol

Abolition Movement

• Movement to abolish slavery

Secession and Resistance

Missouri Compromise • Admitted Maine as a free state; Missouri as a slave state • Set the 36 o 30 ’ parallel as the dividing line between free and slave states • North of line =free; south of line = slave

Compromise of 1850 • Allowed for popular sovereignty, citizens would vote if area would be slave or free • Created the Fugitive Slave Law, northern states were forced to return escaped slaves

Dred Scott Decision • Supreme Court Case that said: – No slave is a citizen – No right to sue in court – Dred Scott is not free just because he spent time in a free territory

• Lincoln won

1860 election

• South seceded , left the Union

Confederate States of America

• Jefferson Davis chosen as President • Montgomery, AL - capital

**Winston County, AL.** • Met at Looney’ Tavern and voted to remain neutral during Civil War • People were poor and did not own slaves

Civil War and Reconstruction

Civil War Battles

• Bull Run almost invaded • Shiloh – North defeated and Washington, D.C. – bloodiest battle of Civil War • **Antietam –bloodiest one day battle in history of U.S.

• Vicksburg –Confederacy lost; Union controls the Mississippi River • **Gettysburg Confederacy no longer had ability to lead offensive into Union territory • **Mobile Bay city –turning point of Civil War; – Admiral Farragut defeated Confederate forts at Mobile Bay; Union occupies

During the Civil War both sides used the draft.

• The draft ,

forcing men to serve in the military, caused riots in both the North and South because the rich could get out of service

.

Emancipation Proclamation • Issued by Lincoln to free slaves in the states that were in rebellion. • DID NOT FREE SLAVES IN BORDER STATES.

Border states were states that had slaves, but hadn’t seceded from the Union. 13 th Amendment freed the slaves

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Created to help former slaves and poor whites • Offered clothing, food, shelter, schools, etc.

**Black Codes**

• Made blacks second class citizens • Could not own weapons, marry whites, meet after sundown

Reconstruction • Period of time after Civil War when southern states had to meet certain requirements to be readmitted to the United States **The Compromise of 1877 •Rutherford B. Hayes became President •Republicans ended Reconstruction

Carpetbaggers • People who came from the North to do business in the South- teachers, ministers, lawyers • Southern whites hated them

Scalawags

• Southerners who supported Reconstruction

Ku Klux Klan

Jim Crow Laws

• Prevented blacks from voting by using poll taxes and literacy tests • Segregated public facilities like restaurants and schools

Expansion and Industrialization

Transcontinental Railroad • Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad joined at Promontory Point, Utah • Impact=allowed rapid settlement of West

Dawes Act • Attempted to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream, white culture • Reservations dissolved and each family was given 160 acres to farm

Inventions-led to settlement of Plains • Bessemer process – made steel more efficiently • Steel plow tough prairie soil • Windmill • Railroads – invented by John Deere to plow – used power of wind to pump water • Barbed wire fencing in property; no more wide open plains – used to settle land and ship crops and livestock – used to help settle west by

**Alabama Agriculture and Industry • Known as Black Belt for rich soil • Boll weevil forced Alabama farmers to diversify crops; they had to grow more than just cotton because the boll weevil ate cotton plants • Birmingham • Mobile known for steel production known as a major port for shipping

**Social Darwinism**

• Government should not interfere in big business; the strongest would survive

**Labor unions**

• Formed to improve working conditions and wages • Used strikes (workers refusing to work) to improve conditions

**muckrackers**

• Journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics • Upton Sinclair – wrote

The Jungle

, about unsanitary meatpacking conditions • Ida Tarbell – wrote

The History of Standard Oil Company

about the corruption of John D. Rockefeller

16

th

Amendment

• Congress given power to collect federal taxes

17

th

Amendment

• Direct election of U.S. Senators by citizens, rather than by state legislatures • Makes government more accountable to people

18

th

Amendment

• Prohibited the making, selling, transporting of alcohol

19

th

Amendment

• Women’s suffrage, the right to vote

Election of 1912

• Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, won because Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican Party • Theodore Roosevelt created the Bull Moose Party because Taft got Republican nomination

Booker T. Washington

• Founded Tuskegee Institute • Believed that blacks should seek gradual integration by taking blue-collar jobs to prove economic value to white

W.E.B. Dubois

• Founded the NAACP • Believed that blacks should demand rapid integration and seek professional, white collar jobs

NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Use court system to fight racism Niagara Movement – forerunner of the NAACP; equality for all

Plessy vs. Ferguson

• Supreme Court case that said separate but equal was legal • Segregation was legal

Alabama Constitution

• Denied blacks the right to vote by using literacy tests, poll taxes, and land ownership Grandfather clause : allowed whites to vote that would have been denied by other restrictions

Chapter 8 test

World War I and the 1920s

Imperialism – a policy in which a strong country seeks to control another country • Wanted raw materials, new markets and military bases around the world

Spanish-American War

• U. S. wanted to free Cuba from Spanish rule • Yellow journalism , sensational writing without regard for truth, led us into war • The U.S.S. Maine was reportedly sunk by the Spanish;

yellow journalism

led us to declare war; it was actually sunk by an accident on the ship

Results of the Spanish-American • Cuba is independent War • Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines became territories of the U.S.

**Open Door Policy**

• Policy of the U.S. in which China was opened to trade with all nations

Panama Canal

• U. S. supported a revolution in Columbia to gain control of Panama • Built a canal through Panama to save travel time around South America

Dr. William Gorgas

• From Mobile • Sent to Panama canal zone to get rid of mosquito problem

Long term causes of World War I

• Imperialism - strong nations seeking to control weaker nations for raw material, new markets, and military bases • Nationalism –belief in national unity; extreme devotion to one’s own nation • Militarism - maintaining a large standing army to protect global interests • Alliances – an agreement for protection; promise to come to the aid of ally if attacked

Assassination of Archduke Francis (Franz) Ferdinand started WWI.

WWI began in 1914

Allies

• France, Great Britain, Russia • The U.S. joined in 1917

Central Powers

•Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Causes of U.S. entering WWI in 1917 • Sinking of

Lusitania

by German u-boat (submarine)

;

British passenger ship with Americans on board; Germany said it was carrying arms • Zimmermann telegram – note from German foreign secretary to Mexico asking Mexico to attack the U.S. in return for territory • Unrestricted submarine warfare – Germany had violated the Sussex Pledge in which they said they would sink no more passenger ships without warning; they then sunk three more American ships

World War I ended on November 11, 1918 a.m.

at 11:00

11/11/1918 @ 11:00

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2.

3.

4.

Treaty of Versailles-ended WWI

Punished Germany by: War reparations – Germany had to pay France and Britain for war damages War guilt clause – Germany had to say war was their fault Lost overseas territory and part of territory in Europe Decrease the size of their military

League of Nations

• Created at the end of WWI to maintain peace and security • U.S. never joined; many believed it would lead the U.S. into future conflicts

Harlem Renaissance

• An African American movement in art, music, and literature

1.

2.

3.

4.

•

Jazz

Began in the South and taken with blacks during Great Migration when they moved North

Famous Musicians:

Jelly Roll Morton W.C. Handy –form Florence, AL Bessie Smith –Empress of the Blues Louis Armstrong –jazz trumpet player

Harlem Renaissance writers

• Langston Hughes • Zora Neale Hurston • Claude McKay • Jean Toomer

Dream Deferred

What happens to a dream deferred?

Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?

Or fester like a sore- and then run?

Does it stink like rotten meat?

Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet?

Maybe it just sags like a heavy load.

Or does it explode?

**Red Scare**

• Fear of Communism

Prohibition

• Passed by 18 th Amendment • Led to rise in organized crime (Al Capone) • People got liquor any way; speakeasies, bootlegging, illegal stills • Repealed with 21 st Amendment

#9 The Great Depression and World War II

The Great Depression lasted from 1929, when the stock market crashed until 1941, when America entered WWII. The unemployment rate was at about 25%.

The Great Depression

• Causes: • Stock market crash • Poverty of farmers – overproduction with drop in farm prices

and

The Dust Bowl

Stock Market Crash

• October 29, 1929; Black Tuesday • Caused by

buying on margin

(buying stocks on credit) and speculation (buying stocks and hoping that you can sell them for a higher price

Dust Bowl

• Caused by drought, high winds, over-planting soil • Environmental crisis

Herbert Hoover

• President when stock market crashed • Believed economy would recover on its own • Blamed for Great Depression Hoovervilles - shanty town slums that sprang up around cities; called Hoovervilles to show blame

Bonus Army

• WWI veterans who marched to Washington to demand bonus early • Hoover sent in military to disperse them Hoover will not be re-elected in 1932. The treatment of the Bonus Army was the final mistake that he would make.

The New Deal

• Franklin Roosevelt’s promise of recovery for the Great Depression •

Three R’s

plan: relief, recovery, and reform • Gave the American people hope

totalitarian leaders

• Hitler- Nazi Party-Germany • Mussolini- Fascist Party-Italy • Joseph Stalin-Communist Party-USSR(Soviet Union)

Axis Powers

• Italy, Germany, Japan

Allied Powers

•Britain, France, Russia, USA

Munich Conference

• Hitler promised that if Britain and France would let him take the Sudetenland, he wouldn’t take any more territory • Appeasement- giving in to demands to avoid war

Non Aggression Pact

• Germany and the Soviet Union signed an agreement not to attack each other and to conquer and divide Poland

World War II begins

• Germany invaded Poland on Sept. 1, 1939 • Britain and France declared war on Germany

When WWII began, the U.S. promised to remain neutral .

• Cash and Carry – allowed Allies to buy munitions if they paid in cash and carried the supplies on their own ships • Lend- Lease –Allies ran low on cash, so Congress passes law to allow U.S. to lend, sell, or lease was supplies to countries that were vital to the defense of the U.S.

Pearl Harbor

• Attacked by Japanese December 7, 1941 • America declared war on Japan

**War bonds**

• Also called Liberty Bonds • Sold to finance the war

Tuskegee Airmen

• Group of African-American pilots who were trained during WWII

D-Day

• June 6, 1941, invasion of the beaches of Normandy, France • Plan was to liberate France from Germany control

Holocaust

• Genocide of 6 million Jews by the Nazis • Nazis had killed a total of 11 million people

V-E Day

• Victory in Europe Day • May 8, 1945 • Germany surrendered

Manhattan Project

• Secret project to build an atomic bomb

Truman’s decision to drop atomic bomb on Japan • Afraid that war would drag on and cost many more American lives • War in the Pacific showed that Japan would not give up easily (rather die than surrender)

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• Japanese cities where atomic bombs were dropped that ended WWII.