Transcript 1 Chapter Preview Section 2

Chapter 1
Science in Our World
Preview
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Section 3 Scientific Models
Section 4 Science and Engineering
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Concept Mapping
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Objectives
• Identify the steps used in scientific methods.
• Formulate testable hypotheses.
• Explain how scientific methods are used to answer
questions and solve problems.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
What Are Scientific Methods?
• The ways in which scientists answer questions and
solve problems are called ___________________.
• As scientists look for answers, they often use the
same steps. But there is more than one way to use the
steps. Scientists may repeat some steps or do them in
a different order.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Ask a Question
• Asking a question helps focus the purpose of an
investigation. Scientists often ask a question after
making observations.
• An _______________________ is any use of
the senses to gather information.
• Observations should be accurately recorded so that
scientists can use the information in future
investigations.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Ask a Question, continued
• A Real-World Question Engineers are scientists
who put scientific knowledge to practical human use.
• Engineers create technology. Technology is the
application of science for practical purposes.
• For example, engineers Czarnowski and Triantafyllou
studied the efficiency of boat propulsion systems.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Ask a Question, continued
• The Importance of Boat Efficiency
Efficiency compares the energy used to move the boat
forward with the energy supplied by the engine.
Making boats more efficient would save fuel and
money.
• Based on their observations, Czarnowski and
Triantafyllou asked the question: How can boat
propulsion systems be made more efficient?
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Form a Hypothesis
• Once you have asked a question and made
observations, you are ready to form a hypothesis.
• A hypothesis an explanation that is based on
___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Form a Hypothesis, continued
• Nature Provides a Possible Answer
Czarnowski studied penguins swimming and formed the
hypothesis: A propulsion system that mimics the way a
penguin swims will be more efficient than a propulsion
system that uses propellers.
• Make Predictions Before scientists test a
hypothesis, they often make predictions that state what
they think will happen during the actual test of the
hypothesis.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Hypothesis
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Test the Hypothesis
• After you form a hypothesis, you must test it. Testing
helps you find out if your hypothesis is correct or not.
• Keep It Under Control One way to test a hypothesis
is to do a controlled experiment. A controlled
experiment tests
__________________________________________.
By changing only the variable, scientists can see the
results of just that one change.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Test the Hypothesis, continued
• Testing Proteus Czarnowski and Triantafyllou built a
model penguin boat called Proteus to test their
hypothesis.
• The engineers took Proteus into open water to collect
data. Data are
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________________.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Analyze the Results
• Once you have your data, you must analyze them to
find out whether the results support your hypothesis.
The graphs below show the analysis of the tests done
on Proteus.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Draw Conclusions
• At the end of an investigation, you must draw a
conclusion. Your conclusion can help you decide what
you do next.
• The Proteus Conclusion Czarnowski and
Triantafyllou found that the penguin propulsion system
was more efficient than a propeller system. So, they
concluded that their hypothesis was supported.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Communicate Results
• One of the most important steps in an investigation is
to communicate your results accurately and honestly.
• Communicating About Proteus Czarnowski and
Triantafyllou published their results in academic
papers. They also displayed their project and its results
on the Internet.
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Bellringer
To teach cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),
instructors often use a mannequin to model a human
upper torso and head. Why do you think CPR is taught
with a model instead of a real human? Would the class
be as effective if a model were not used? Explain your
answer.
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Objectives
• Describe how models are used to represent the
natural world.
• Identify three types of scientific models.
• Describe theories and laws.
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Types of Scientific Models
• A representation of an object or a system is called a
______or _________.
• Physical Models
•(
•
)
•For example, the model
flower shown at right can
be used to learn the parts
of a real flower.
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Types of Scientific Models, continued
• Mathematical Models (
.)
The weather map shown below is a mathematical
model.
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Types of Scientific Models, continued
• Conceptual Models [
]
• The big bang theory explains the origin of the
universe. This theory is an example of a conceptual
model.
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Models Are Just the Right Size
• Models are often used to represent things that are
very small or very large.
• Models are useful for studying cells and particles of
matter that are too small to see with the unaided eye.
• Models are also useful for studying objects that are
too large to see completely, such as the Earth or the
solar system.
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Models Build Scientific Knowledge
• Models are often used to help illustrate and explain
scientific theories.
• In science, a [
] is a unifying explanation
for a broad range of hypotheses and observations that
have been supported by testing.
•[
observations are made.
] can change as new
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Models Build Scientific Knowledge, continued
• Scientific Laws When a theory and its models
correctly predict the results of many different
experiments, a
could be formed.
• In science, a
is a summary of many
experimental results and observations.
• Laws are not the same as theories. Laws tell you only
happens, not
it happens.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
Bellringer
Imagine the following:
You have been asked to investigate what is the
most nutritional lunch for middle school students.
Briefly describe the process you would follow to
determine the most nutritional lunch. After you
have completed your plan, make a list of biases or
personal preferences that could cause errors in the
investigation. How would you avoid these
Write your answers in your science journal.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
Objectives
• Explain how science, technology, engineering,
and mathematics are related.
• Identify ways that technology responds to social,
political, and economic needs.
• Explain the engineering design process for
developing new technologies.
• Describe technology in terms of its intended
benefits and unintended consequences.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What Is Technology
• Technology refers to
.
• Technology also refers to the
.
• Technology applies to any product, process, or
knowledge that is developed to meet a need.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
How Does Science Relate to Technology?
• Engineering uses scientific knowledge to develop
technologies.
• Engineers use science and mathematics to create
new technologies that serve human needs.
• There are many different types of engineers who
develop a variety of very different products.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
How Does Science Relate to Technology?
continued
• Engineering is
.
• Scientists, inventors, business owners, artists, and
even students have also engineered new
technologies.
• Anyone can follow the engineering design process
to solve a problem or address a need.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process?
• The engineering design process has
similarities to the scientific process.
• Like the scientific process, some steps may require
repeating or modifying to fit different needs.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process?
continued
Step 1 Ask:
• Engineers define and describe the need or
problem they are trying to solve.
• Research provides engineers with information for
problem solving.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process?
continued
Step 2 Imagine:
• Brainstorming is the process in which a group of
people share ideas quickly to promote additional
ideas.
• Sometimes a possible solution to the problem
comes from these ideas or it may take more time
and thought.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process?
continued
Step 3 Plan:
• A prototype is a
.
• Prototypes allow engineers to see if their design
works the way they expect it to.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process?
continued
Step 4 Create:
• Prototypes are tested and evaluated.
• Engineers complete a cost-benefit
analysis to
.
• For example, it may only makes sense to produce
a new product if it is not too expensive to produce.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process?
continued
Step 5 Improve:
• If a prototype was not successful or did not work
well, engineers would either modify their prototype
or try a new solution.
• It is important that the engineers consider what
was learned from the first prototype before they
begin the design process again.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process?
continued
•
Engineers often need to
share their successes, failures, and reasoning with
others.
• Engineers may explain and promote the
technology to customers, or they may communicate
with the public through news releases,
advertisements, or journals.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
Technology and Society
• Technology provides solutions for many types of
social, political, and economic needs.
• Intended Benefit An intended benefit is the
.
• Unintended Consequences Unintended
consequences are uses or results that
.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
Bioengineering
• Bioengineering The application of engineering
to
.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Science and Engineering
Bioengineering, continued
• Assistive Bioengineering Bioengineered
technologies can be classified as either
or
.
•
technologies are
developed to help organisms with changing them.
•
bioengineered products
change the living organism.
Chapter 1
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Bellringer
How would a standard system of weights and
measures, agreed to and used around the world, make
life easier? Give examples.
Write your answers in your science journal.
Chapter 1
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Objectives
• Identify tools used to collect and analyze data.
• Explain the importance of the International
System of Units.
• Identify the appropriate units to use for particular
measurements.
• Identify safety symbols.
Chapter 1
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Tools for Measuring
• To get the best measurements, you need the proper
tools. Stopwatches, metersticks, thermometers, and
balances are examples of tools for measuring.
Tools for Analyzing
• Calculators, computers, and even pencils and paper,
are tools you can use to analyze your data.
Chapter 1
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement
• The International System of Units (SI) is the
. It is used by
most scientists and almost all countries. All SI units are
based on the number 10.
• Length The basic SI unit of length is the
(m). Other SI units of length are larger or
smaller than the meter by multiples of 10.
Chapter 1
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued
• Area is a measure of
The units for area are square units, such as square
kilometers (km2) and square meters (m2).
• The equation for calculating area is:
area  length  width
.
Chapter 1
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued
• Mass is the
. The kilogram (kg) is basic SI unit
for mass.
• Volume is the
. The volume of liquids are usually
given in liters (L) or milliliters (mL). The volume of
solids can be given in cubic meters (m3), cubic
centimeters (cm3), or cubic millimeters (mm3).
Chapter 1
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued
• Density is the
.
Density can be expressed in grams per milliliter (g/mL)
or grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).
• The equation for calculating density is:
Chapter 1
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued
• Temperature is a
. Scientists often use
degrees Celsius (°C) as the unit for temperature.
Kelvins (K), the SI base unit for temperature, is also
used.
• Common SI units and their conversions are shown on
the next slide.
Chapter 1
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Chapter 1
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Safety Rules!
• Always follow your
teacher’s instructions.
• Read lab procedures
carefully and thoroughly.
• Pay special attention to
safety information and
know the safety
symbols.
Chapter 1
Science in Our World
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map
on the next slide.
hypotheses
social needs
engineers
experiments
scientific method
political needs
technology
questions
scientists
engineering design process
Chapter 1
Science in Our World